February 25, 2025	PSY 340 Brain and Behavior Study Guide of Key Words, Concepts, & Persons for Modules 5, 6 & 7

Class 13: Research Methods in Neuropsychology -Korbinian Brodmann & Brodmann Areas -Looking at the Effects of Brain Damage -Paul Pierre Broca -Broca's or expressive aphasia -lesioning -ablation -stereotaxic instrument -transcranial magntetic stimulation (TMS) -Stimulate Brain Area to Analyze Resulting Behavioral Change -optogenetics -Recording Brain Activity during Behavior -EEG (Electroencephalography) -PET (Positron Emission Tomography) scan using slightly radioactive glucose

-fMRI (Functional Magnetic Imaging) using hemoglobin as focus of magnetic field-BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent) signal -Default Mode Network (also see Class 14 below) -Correlating Brain Anatomy & Behavior -CAT (Computerized Axial Tomography) scan using low-dose x-rays -MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scan using spin of hydrogen atoms under magnetic field -human brains are not the largest nor have greatest mass vs. body size ratio -moderate correlation between brain size and IQ tests -Intelligence = abilities to cope successfully with environment (physical, interpersonal, cultural) -Males > Females in brain size but NO IQ differences -Male vs. Female brains do differ, but significance is not clear

Class 14: Large Scale Networks of the Brain -DTI (Diffusion Tensor Imaging)/Diffusion MRI/tractography -Structural vs. Functional/Dynamic Connections -Functions of -Sensori-motor Network -Visual System -Limbic System

-Central Executive Network/Executive Control Network -Default Mode Network ("Task-Negative Network") -Salience Network -Dorsal Attention Network -Ventral Attention Network

Class  16: Development of the Brain -embryology -fetus -neural plate -neural tube -stem cells -neuron development: proliferation, migration, differentiation of neural cell precursors, myelination, synatogenesis -neural precursor cells -can adult brain develop new neurons? Yes (olfactory receptors; hippocampus) vs. No (cerebral cortex) -chemical pathfinding & chemotaxis -chemical gradients -surplus neuron production -chemical pathfinding by axons -Roger Sperry's experiment with newts -chemical gradient -Gerald Edelman's theory of "neural darwinism" -nerve growth factor (NGF) -Rita Levi-Montalcini & muscle NGF -apoptosis -neurotrophins -development of nervous system: roles of chemistry vs. experience -dendritic branching -vulnerability during development: malnutrition, toxic chemicals, infections -fetal alcohol syndrome -effects of cigarette smoke on development -Fine tuning by experience & dendritic branching -importance of exercise -Effects of special experiences (e.g., blindness) on cortex & its functioning -effects of prolonged practice on cortex, e.g., by musicians -focal hand dystonia & its cause -adolescents & antisaccade task -brain functions in old age -vulnerability to brain decline in older people

Class 17: Plasticity after Brain Damage -brain plasticity: what does this concept mean? -stroke -traumatic head injury: closed vs. open -rotational forces -coup & contrecoup -ischemic stroke -hemorrhagic stroke -cell death: release of glutamate & role of Ca++ ions flooding neuron -preventative treatment after stroke -tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) -cooling brain, effect of -diaschisis -mechanisms of recovery after brain damage: axon regrowth & collateral axon sprouts -learned adjustments -deafferented limb -spinal cord damage to axons -denervation supersensitivity -reorganized sensory representation -Vilayanur Ramachandran -phantom limb phenomena & treatment

Classes 18-19: Vision

-Vision as constructive, not a filming process -Vision as a coding process -Vision as a complex process -Human vision as limited, e.g, no infrared or ultraviolet waves, no temperature seen. -Pupil, lens, iris -Retina & its layers -photoreceptors (cones & rods) & their functions -horizontal/bipolar cells -ganglion cells -blind spot -optic nerve -fovea & its functions -periphery of the retina: how it is different from fovea -transduction -range of human vision: ca. 350-720 nm -trichromatic theory of color -Herman von Helmholtz -differing types of cones -visual field -Eward Hering -opponent-process theory of color vision -negative afterimage -colorblindness (red-green; blue-yellow)

-achromatopsia -retinex theory of vision -color constancy -Edwin Land -Photoreceptor layer: arrangement of layers -Cones vs. rods -relationship between ganglion cells & cones in different parts of retina -lateral inhibition -receptive field -Pathway from retina to occipital cortex -optic chiasm: what crosses over? -lateral geniculate nucleus -optic radiations -occipital cortex & simple aspects of shape -stereoscopic depth perception -blindsight: phenomenon of & possible explanation (koniocelllar connection) -Ventral stream: where & what it does -Dorsal stream: where & what it does -simple cells in V1 -complex & hypercomplex cells in V1/V2

The items below will possibly be on the test if we cover the material in class. If it is not covered in class on Mondays, a topic will not be on the test. -Visual agnosia: what is it? Relation to temporal lobe -Prosopagnosia: what is is? Role of fusiform gyrus -Alexia & the Visual Word Form area -Color constancy & role of V4 -motion blindness The material below is found toward the bottom of the outline page at this link or in this pdf -infants & visual stimuli for faces -development & attention to moving objects vs. stationary objects -prefrontal cortex maturing to control  visual attention -general role of experience in visual system development -deprivation of visual stimulation in one eye: effects -strabismus & amblyopia -deprivation of visual experience into late childhood & its effects

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