February 26, 2026	PSY 340 Brain and Behavior Study Guide of Key Words, Concepts, & Persons for Modules 5, 6 & 7

Class 13: Research Methods in Neuropsychology -Korbinian Brodmann & Brodmann Areas -Looking at the Effects of Brain Damage -Paul Pierre Broca -Broca's or expressive aphasia -lesioning -ablation -stereotaxic instrument -transcranial magntetic stimulation (TMS) -Stimulate Brain Area to Analyze Resulting Behavioral Change -optogenetics -Recording Brain Activity during Behavior -EEG (Electroencephalography) -PET (Positron Emission Tomography) scan using slightly radioactive glucose

-fMRI (Functional Magnetic Imaging) using hemoglobin as focus of magnetic field-BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent) signal -Default Mode Network (also see Class 14 below) -Correlating Brain Anatomy & Behavior -CAT (Computerized Axial Tomography) scan using low-dose x-rays -MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scan using spin of hydrogen atoms under magnetic field -human brains are not the largest nor have greatest mass vs. body size ratio -moderate correlation between brain size and IQ tests -Intelligence = abilities to cope successfully with environment (physical, interpersonal, cultural) -Males > Females in brain size but NO IQ differences -Male vs. Female brains do differ, but significance is not clear

Class 14: Large Scale Networks of the Brain -DTI (Diffusion Tensor Imaging)/Diffusion MRI/tractography -Structural vs. Functional/Dynamic Connections -Functions of -Sensori-motor Network -Visual System -Limbic System

-Central Executive Network/Executive Control Network -Default Mode Network ("Task-Negative Network") -Salience Network -Dorsal Attention Network -Ventral Attention Network

Class  16: Development of the Brain -embryology -fetus -neural plate -neural tube -stem cells -neuron development: proliferation, migration, differentiation of neural cell precursors, myelination, synatogenesis -neural precursor cells -can adult brain develop new neurons? Yes (olfactory receptors; hippocampus) vs. No (cerebral cortex) -chemical pathfinding & chemotaxis -chemical gradients -surplus neuron production -chemical pathfinding by axons -Roger Sperry's experiment with newts -chemical gradient -Gerald Edelman's theory of "neural darwinism" -nerve growth factor (NGF) -Rita Levi-Montalcini & muscle NGF -apoptosis -neurotrophins -development of nervous system: roles of chemistry vs. experience -dendritic branching -vulnerability during development: malnutrition, toxic chemicals, infections -fetal alcohol syndrome -effects of cigarette smoke on development -Fine tuning by experience & dendritic branching -importance of exercise -Effects of special experiences (e.g., blindness) on cortex & its functioning -effects of prolonged practice on cortex, e.g., by musicians -focal hand dystonia & its cause -adolescents & antisaccade task -brain functions in old age -vulnerability to brain decline in older people

Class 17: Plasticity after Brain Damage -brain plasticity: what does this concept mean? -stroke -traumatic head injury: closed vs. open -rotational forces -coup & contrecoup -ischemic stroke -hemorrhagic stroke -cell death: release of glutamate & role of Ca++ ions flooding neuron -preventative treatment after stroke -tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) -cooling brain, effect of -diaschisis -mechanisms of recovery after brain damage: axon regrowth & collateral axon sprouts -learned adjustments -deafferented limb -spinal cord damage to axons -denervation supersensitivity -reorganized sensory representation -Vilayanur Ramachandran -phantom limb phenomena & treatment

Classes 18-19: Vision

-Vision as constructive, not a filming process -Vision as a coding process -Vision as a complex process -Human vision as limited, e.g, no infrared or ultraviolet waves, no temperature seen. -Pupil, lens, iris -Retina & its layers -photoreceptors (cones & rods) & their functions -horizontal/bipolar cells -ganglion cells -blind spot -optic nerve -fovea & its functions -periphery of the retina: how it is different from fovea -transduction -range of human vision: ca. 350-720 nm -trichromatic theory of color -Herman von Helmholtz -differing types of cones -visual field -Eward Hering -opponent-process theory of color vision -negative afterimage -colorblindness (red-green; blue-yellow)

-achromatopsia -retinex theory of vision -color constancy -Edwin Land -Photoreceptor layer: arrangement of layers -Cones vs. rods -relationship between ganglion cells & cones in different parts of retina -lateral inhibition -receptive field -Pathway from retina to occipital cortex -optic chiasm: what crosses over? -lateral geniculate nucleus -optic radiations -occipital cortex & simple aspects of shape -stereoscopic depth perception -blindsight: phenomenon of & possible explanation (koniocelllar connection) -Ventral stream: where & what it does -Dorsal stream: where & what it does -simple cells in V1 -complex & hypercomplex cells in V1/V2

The items below will possibly be on the test if we cover the material in class. If it is not covered in class on Wednesday, Mar 04, that topic will not be on the test. -Visual agnosia: what is it? Relation to temporal lobe -Prosopagnosia: what is is? Role of fusiform gyrus -Alexia & the Visual Word Form area -Color constancy & role of V4 -motion blindness The material below is found toward the bottom of the outline page at this link or in this pdf -infants & visual stimuli for faces -development & attention to moving objects vs. stationary objects -prefrontal cortex maturing to control  visual attention -general role of experience in visual system development -deprivation of visual stimulation in one eye: effects -strabismus & amblyopia -deprivation of visual experience into late childhood & its effects

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