March 29, 2025	PSY 340 Brain and Behavior Study Guide for Test #3 (Modules 8-9-10)

Module 8 Wakefulness & Sleeping (Chapter 8) Notes for Classes 20-22-24

Class 20 -chronobiology -endogenous cycle -circannual -circamensual -circadian -chronotypes (larks vs. owls) -where is the human biological clock? -temperature as control of human body rhythms -melanopsin ganglion cells (= intrinsically photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells or ipRGCs) -retinohypothalamic tract -superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN)  -pineal gland -Non-24 Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder -melatonin: how does this relate to sleep? -why may melatonin be  problematic as a drug? -zeitgeber -entrainment -light, food, noise, ambient temperature as human zeitgebers -jet lag -"social jet lag" -what are problems associated with shift work -possible relation between jet lag/shift work & obesity/type II diabetes via daily rhythm of gut microbes

Class 22 -nature of sleep (highly organized, reduced physical activity, not coma, etc.) -coma vs. vegetative state vs. minimally conscious state: how do these differ? -how is brain death defined? -electroencephalograph (EEG) -polysomnograph -brain waves: alpha, beta -definition & characteristics of sleep -the sleep cycle: stages, NREM, REM -REM: components -pontomesencephalon (reticular activating system) -basal forebrain -effect of antihistamine drugs in hypothalamus -orexin (hypocretin) -PGO waves -insomnia -sleep apnea -narcolepsy: symptoms; cause -cataplexy -periodic limb movement disorder -REM behavior disorder -night terror -sleep walking

Class 24 -sleep & energy conservation -hibernation -effects of sleep deprivation -sleep & memory storage (NREM vs REM) -glymphatic system in brain -sleep & toxic waste removal -relationship between longer sleep and amount of REM -theories of why REM (memory; stimulate nervous system of infants) -development of dreams: complexity with aging -activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming -J. Alan Hobson  -activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming -Protoconsciousness theory of dreaming  -Neurocognitive theory of dreaming (Domhoff)  -clinico-anatomical hypothesis of dreaming

Module 9 Reproductive Behaviors (Chapter 10) Notes for Classes 25-26

Class 25 -X, Y chromosome -protein & peptide hormones & second messenger effects -steroid hormones -"sensitive period" in pregnancy for sex difference development-Sex Region Y gene: function -cortisol as stress hormone -catabolic vs. anabolic steroids -sex hormones -gonads -androgens vs. estrogens -progesterone -dihydrotestosterone (DHT) -sexually dimorphic nucleus -estradiol as masculinizing hypothalamus of males -role of alpha-fetoprotein -sex differences in childhood behavior -effects of mother's exposure to phthalates -activating effects of testosterone on sexual & nonsexual behaviors -oxytocin's effects -SSRI's side effect on male sexual performance -Depo-Provera

-organizing vs. activating effects of hormones -periovulatory period, psychology of -premenstrual syndrome -are there extreme brain differences between males and females? -mosaicism in male/female brains -Janet Shibley Hyde's gender similarities hypothesis -effects of hormones on parenting behaviors in mammals -precocial vs semiprecocial vs. altricial offspring -human parent-infant caregiving pattern: rapid formation of attachment, behavioral synchrony, parent-infant bond as bsis of family, importance of culture -human mothers: need for sensitivity & responsiveness to infant cues/signals -barriers for mothers in caring for offspring: her experience of maternal warmth as child, affective disorders, postpartum maternal psychopathology Class 26 - how does "evolutionary psychology" explain specific human mating behaviors (interest in multiple mates, mate selection, jealousy) -difference between the terms sex/sexual and gender identity

-how do US adults differ in sell-identification as LGBT across different generations? -how is intersex different from transgender identity? -true hermaphrodite? What does this mean? -Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH): cause & behavioral effects in girls -Androgen insensitivity syndrome in males -5-alpha-reductase deficiency in men: what is it? -rearing intersex children: current emphasis on surgery only on adults (case of David Reimer) -how are gay vs. straight men different in behavioral terms (other than sexual attraction)? -role of genetic factors in sexual orientation: is there evidence for genetics? American vs. Swedish data. - what sorts of theories have been proposed to explain the possible evolutionary origins of homosexuality? (kin selection, female fecundity, etc.) -theory of maternal immune system's role: fraternal birth order effect -homosexuality in animal species -brain anatomy differences in sexual orientation (Simon LeVay's work)

Module 10 • Emotional Behaviors • Notes for Classes 28-29-30

Class 28    What are the differences among the four terms: Feeling, Affect, Emotion, and Mood? -Paul Ekman's model of emotion -Joseph LeDoux's model of emotion  -Lisa Feldman Barrett's Model/Theory of Constructed Emotion -Brain as costly in metabolic processes & move to predictive coding -emotion: components (cognition, feeling, action [tendency]) -James-Lange Theory of Emotions -Walter B. Cannon & flight or flight -What is the evidence for an against the notion that autonomic nervous system is necessary for (strong) emotions? -Pure Autonomic Failure -Panic disorder -Facial feedback hypothesis and Wagenmaker's 2016 failure to replicate -Does the limbic system show distinctive areas that correspond to individual emotions? [no] -Ekman's theory of basic emotions (facial expression): how many emotions? What is the strength of his evidence for recognizing facial expression? Jeffrey Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory -Behavioral Approach System (BAS) -Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) -Fight-Flight-Freeze System (FFFS) How does each of these brain systems affect the way human beings deal with the environment? Brain Hemispheres & Emotion -how do the left and right hemispheres differ when they are active in terms of overall emotions? -how does damage to the RH and the LH result in problems with emotional identification and expression -Barbara Fredrickson' Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions: how do positive emotions help humans?

Joshua Green -what do we learn from PET & fMRI scans of brains facing the Trolley Car, Footbridge, Lifeboat, & Hospital dilemmas? -brain areas show strong activity for emotional decision making -Is Mr. Spock of StarTrek right to believe that decision-making is best as a purely logical process? (see Damasio below as well) -Antonio Damasio -how does brain damage to the prefrontal cortex affect decision making? -Are emotions an enemy or help to good decision making? Class 29  -what evokes attack and/or escape behaviors (Threats! Danger!)? -environmental variables associated with violence: childhood abuse, life in violent neighborhoods, lead exposure, maternal smoking -genetic factors associated with violence: genetic x environmental interaction and MAO-A (difference between males and females, e.g., Emotional reactivity to maltreatment in females as linked to highly active MAO-A) -role of testosterone & attack behaviors -"Triple Imbalance Hypothesis" of high testosterone, low cortisol, low serotonin -low serotonin turnover & aggression: what is the relationship in nonhuman animals & humans? -escape emotions (fear, anxiety) -amygdala: role in the emotions -Joseph LeDoux -past model: "high vs. low" road in perception -newer model: amygdala as "defensive survival detection circuit and emotion ("fear") as experienced as a conscious cognitive state in working memory -Klüver-Bucy Sydrome -"psychic blindness" in monkeys: insensitive to threats -Urbach-Wiethe Disease & emotion: Patient S.M

Panic disorder: symptoms -PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder): symptoms, causes, prevalence (< 50%), biological predisposing factors (smaller hippocampus, lower cortisol, damaged amygdala) -Pharmacological relief (medicines) from anxiety related to benzodiazepines & GABA-A receptors -GABA-A receptor complex & postsynaptic inhibition -alcohol/ethanol & GABA-A receptor complex -Relearning to erase anxiety & memory reactivation & reconsolidation via propanolol.  Class 30: Stress & Health -pleasant & unpleasant stress -Hans Seyle's theory of stress -General Adaptation Syndrome: stages (alarm, resistance, exhaustion) -HPA Axis -damage to hippocampus by cortisol & disruption of negative feedback loop -role of cortisol in short & long term stress? -negative effects of cortisol on brain: functional (episodic memory), structural (hippocampus, decreased brain volume), and Alzheimer's disease (lower brain volume, hypometabolism, biomarker for deterioration) -role of cytokines in brain -effects of chronic stress on immune system -role of severe child maltreatment on brain

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This earliest version of this page was first posted March 6, 2005.