Feb 1, 2025	PSY 340 Brain and Behavior Study Guide: Test #1 Key Words, Concepts, and Persons

Test #1 will  use a multiple-choice format in which you will be given 42 questions, but only marked on the basis of 40 questions. Thus, a student can get two answers wrong and still get a grade of 100%

For this test, you will be allowed to bring a "cheat sheet" consisting of one (1) side of an 8.5" x 11" page containing any information, text, diagrams, or whatever else you might want to put on it/or can fit on it to help you respond to the test questions. At the end of the test I will ask you to show me this sheet as you hand in your responses if you have used one for the test.

This study guide is a listing of words, concepts, and persons below that provides you with a key to what I expect you will know for Test #1.

Introduction: Classes 01 & 02

-Evolutionary Psychology -Living creatures as coping with environments (physical, biological, social) -Living creatures as sharing similar body/brains because of similar coping challenges -Brain as mechanism to cope with the world -Behavior = how a creature copes with the environment -Living creatures (including humans) have no direct access to environment: only information in the brain	-mind vs. brain problem -dualism (Cartesianism; René Descartes) -monism -consciousness as emergent property of mind -easy vs. hard problems: the "hard problem"-Perception occurs in brain, not "out there" Four approaches in biological psychology -Physiological -Developmental/Ontogenetic: growth & development	-Evolutionary: how different animals have similar structures or behaviors -Myth of the triune or reptilian brain -Functional: Why a structure/behavior developed in a specific animal The Predictive Brain The "Extended Mind" Hypothesis
Class 03: Genetics of Behavior Mendelian genetics  -Gregor Mendel -James Watson & Francis Crick -Heritable (single) traits  -dominant vs. recessive genes  -homozygous vs. heterozygous parents  -DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)  -RNA (ribonucleic acid)  -"base pairs"	-chromosomes: 23 pairs  -X, Y chromosome -autosomal genes -sex-limited vs. sex-linked genes -causes of genetic changes: mutations, duplication or deletion, epigenetics -role of the histone molecule in DNA -relationship between methyl group (CH3) inactivation & stress -polygenetic inheritance -heritability: what does this measure? -monozygotic vs. dizygotic twins	-ways of measuring heritability: twin studies, adopted child studies, examining specific genes across families -multiplier effect -phenylketonuria (PKU) -wrong ideas about evolution: Lamarkian evolution -sociobiology -Edward O. Wilson -explanations for altruistic behavior (simple altruism vs. reciprocal altruism vs. kin selection)

Class 04: Class Cells of the Nervous System -Neuron -Glia/glial cells -Ratio of ~ 1:1 for neurons/glial cells (new estimate) in CNS -Camilio Golgi -Santiago Ramón y Cajal -Central Nervous System: components -Cell: roles of basic components-nucleus, mitochondrion, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, protein channels -neuron membrane -neuron structure: dendrite, soma, axon hillock, axon, presynaptic terminal buttons -myelin sheath -Nodes of Ranvier -sensory neuron -motor neuron -interneuron -dendritic spines -direction of signal in neuron (dendrite->soma-axon)

-astrocytes: functions -oligodendrocytes: function (structure, insulation, metabolic coupling w/neuron) -Schwann cells (insulation in peripheral NS) -microglia: waste removal & pruning of synapses -radial glia -what is a nerve? -blood-brain barrier: role/function -endothelial cells -active transport of molecules of glucose, amino acids, vitamins, hormones -brain's use of oxygen -thiamine (vitamin B1): role   Classes 05 & 06: Nerve Impulse -ion -electrostatic gradient -concentration gradient -resting potential (-70 mV) -Sodium-Potassium pump (Na-K pump)

-generation of action potential at axon hillock -voltage-activated gates (Na+/K+) -threshold of excitation (ca. -40mV) -stages of action potential: the opening & closing of the Na+/K+ gates -all or nothing law -hyperpolarization (-70 to -90 mV) -depolarization (-70 to +50 mV) -refractory period -role of nerve poisons, e.g., puffer fish -local anesthetic drugs (Lidocaine, Xylocaine) vs. general anesthetics -All or None Law -frequency expresses magnitude of sensation -saltatory conduction (role of Nodes of Ranvier) -local neuron & communication by graded potentials -10% brain use myth

Class 07: Concept of the Synapse   -Charles Scott Sherrington & his conclusions about the synapse -reflex arc -synapse -interneuron (intrinsic neuron) -temporal summation -spatial summation -John Eccles & temporal summation -presynaptic membrane -postsynaptic membrane -EPSPs (excitatory post-synaptic potentials) -IPSPs (inhibitory post-synaptic potentials) -spontaneous firing rate -Otto Loewi's discovery of synaptic chemical transmission -Vagusstoff (= acetylcholine)	Class 08: Chemical Events at Synapse  -synaptic vesicles -transmitter synthesis in soma -transport of neurotransmitter to terminal button -influx of Ca++ ions because of action potential -exocytosis -reuptake -monoamine oxidase (MAO) -postsynaptic receptors -depolarization vs. hyperpolarization-glutamate: role -GABA: role -acetylcholine (ACh): roles -serotonin (5-HT): role -dopamine (DA): roles including salience -norepinepherine (NE) -endorphin -substance P -neuropeptide Y -nitric oxide (NO) -adenosine & caffeine's effect	-ionotropic effects: EPSPs & IPSPs -metabotropic effects -second messenger systems -variations in receptors: multiple types for each neurotransmitter  -hormones -pituitary: anterior vs. posterior -inactivation of neurotransmitters -SSRI drugs & Ritalin as reuptake examples -hydrolysis -acetylcholinesterase (AChE) -negative feedback from postsynaptic cell -autoreceptors: role -electrical synapse (gap junction) -hormones -endocrine glands -pituitary gland & the hypothalmus -posterior pituitary as neural tissue -anterior pituitary as glandular tissue
Class 09:  Substance Abuse & Addiction -what are the trends in drug abuse since 2000, especially since 2010? -What recent changes in mortality and drug-associated death rates have been documented in the East and Midwest of the US? -agonist drug effect -antagonist drug effect -drug affinity -drug efficacy -differing types of activity at the synapse related to drug use -James Olds & Peter Milner -nucleus accumbens: role in addiction via either pleasure or attention-getting	-cravings, wanting, salience as result of DA-tolerance -withdrawal-stimulants: their effects in users? their effects on dopamine receceptors -amphetamine -cocaine -methylphenidate/Ritalin -MDMA/"Ecstasy" -nicotine -opiates (opioids): where do natural opiates come from? Effects of opioids on nervous system and other body systems -heroin -fentanyl & other synthetic opioids -use of methadone	-THC: cannabinoids: relation to presynaptic membrane receptors -positive and negative effects of marijuana -hallucinogenic drugs, e.g., LSD-Alcohol (ethanol, ETOH): overall effects on nervous system -Type I vs. Type II alcoholism -predisposing factors for alcoholism (long-form dopamine type 4 receptor gene; more active COMT gene) -Treating opioid abuse: role of suboxone and methadone
Addendum to Class 09 -what is an unmyelinated axon? -how does an unmyelinated axon differ in how it functions compared to a myelinated axon?	- -What is the difference between Alpha- (A-) fibers and C-fibers in the peripheral nervous system. What do C-fibers do? -What are Remak bundles?	-What has recent research shown about the shape of axons? Are all axons simply long tubes?

Class 10 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System -central nervous system (CNS) vs. peripheral nervous system (PNS) -somatic nervous system (SNS): general functions -autonomic nervous system (ANS): general functions -sympathetic nervous system: general functions -parasympathetic nervous system: general functions -directions within the nervous system (NS): diagrams in notes -sagittal, coronal & horizontal planes -dorsal vs. ventral -superior vs. inferior -rostral vs. dorsal/caudal -anterior vs. posterior -lateral vs. medial -proximal vs. distal -lamina (laminae) -column -tract/projection -nucleus (nuclei) -ganglion (ganglia) -spinal cord -Bell-Magendie Law -dorsal root ganglion -gray vs white matter in spinal cord & cerebral cortex

-OTC drugs and the ANS (e.g., cold/flu tablets) -divisions of the brain: hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain [major or general functions of each of the structures below] -medulla oblongata -pons -ascending reticular system (reticular activating system) -Cerebellum: # of cells, movement & balance, time-related behaviors, learning & conditioning, cognition, language & affect; building models of body interacting with world -Agenesis of the cerebellum -superior colliculus -inferior colliculus -substantia nigra -limbic system -thalamus -hypothalamus -pituitary gland -basal ganglia -hippocampus -ventricles of the brain -cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) -choroid plexus -hydrocephalus

Classes 11 & 12 Cerebral Cortex -cerebral cortex -gray/white matter -commissures: corpus callosum & anterior commissure -sulcus (sulci) -Central sulcus -Fissure -gyrus (gyri) -Pre & postcentral gyri, that is the motor strip and the somatosensory strip [Location & general functions of the lobes] -Occipital: major role -Parietal: major role(s) -Temporal: major role(s) -Klüver-Bucy Syndrome: what does it tell us about the Temporal Lobe's function? -Frontal: major role(s) -cortical blindness -primary visual cortex -primary auditory cortex -prefrontal cortex -working memory -behavior that depends upon contextual cues -lobotomy/psychosurgery -the "binding" problem

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This first version of this page was posted on February 9, 2005.