Study Guide for Test #3 (Modules 7-8)

This page was last updated: November 4, 2025	PSY 101 Introductory Psychology Instructor: Vincent W. Hevern, S.J., Ph.D. Fall 2025 Study Guide for Test #3 (Modules 7-8)

	Key Concepts & Vocabulary	Key Issues	Key Persons
Motivation & Emotion	"Motivation" Homeostasis Lateral hypothalamus Ventromedial hypothalamus Arcuate nucleus Paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) Neuropeptide Y Ghrelin CCK Hormones Leptin Insulin Obesity Body mass index Excitement phase Plateau phase Orgasm Resolution phase Refractory period Parental Investment Theory Sexual Orientation Display Rules James-Lange Theory of Emotion Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion Schachter's Two-Factor Theory of Emotion Cognitive Appraisal Affective forecasting Facial Feedback Hypothesis Polygraph (lie detector)	Drive ("push") vs. Incentive ("pull") vs. Evolutionary theories of motivation Dominance, Affiliation Biological factors affecting hunger Role of hormones in hunger Environmental factors affecting hunger: palatability of food, quantity, variety, presence of others, stress, exposure to cues Learning: inborn preferences for food types, observation of others (e.g., parents) Factors related to obesity: genetic predisposition, excessive calories, inadequate exercise, inadequate sleep Set point: decreased metabolism as weight is lost Human Sexual Response Cycle (HSRC) HSRC - Patterns of Sexual Response by Women (Masters & Johnson) Evolutionary Psychology & sexual behavior differences between Ms & Fs Sexual Activity Mate Preference Relationship Jealousy Critiques of Evolutionary Theory Difficulties with the homosexual-heterosexual distinction Prevalence of Homosexuality Homosexuality: Scientific evidence regarding psychoanalytic & behavioral theories (negative) Homosexuality and early male behavior in stereotypical feminine roles (childhood gender nonconformity) Genetic similarity & homosexuality Anatomical differences & homosexuality Fraternal Birth Order Effect The elements of emotional experience Cognitive (appraisal) Physiological (ANS arousal) Behavioral (tendency to do something) Inaccuracy in affective forecasting: both intensity and length Problem of false negatives and false positives with lie detector Ekman & Facial Expression of Emotion LeDoux's fast vs. slow pathway (amygala vs. conscious processing) Fear vs. Anxiety in LeDoux Cross-Cultural Similarities/Differences vis-a-vis emotion Theories of Emotion Evolutionary Theories of Emotion: Darwin & Modern Theorists	William Masters & Virginia Johnson Helen Singer Kaplan Alfred Kinsey Robert Trivers David Buss Simon LeVay Paul Ekman Joseph LeDoux Stanley Schachter Robert Plutchik Charles Darwin
Personality	"Personality" as consistency & distinctiveness Trait Neuroticism Extraversion Introversion Conscientiousness Agreeableness Openness to experience Psychodynamic Theory Id Libido Aggression Ego Superego Pleasure Principle Reality Principle Perfection Principle Conscious Preconscious Unconscious Oral Stage Anal Stage Phallic Stage Latency Genital stage Self efficacy Humanistic psychology	"Big Five"/Five-Factor Theory of personality (= OCEAN) Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic Theory Freud's Models of the Personality Levels of Awareness Model (Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious) Structure of the Self Model (Id, Ego, Superego) What principles govern how each of these structures acts? (pleasure, reality, perfection) Defense Mechanisms: repression, projection, intellectualization, reaction formation, sublimation Psychosexual Stages of Development Extraversion-Introversion in personality Positive contributions of psychodynamic theory What is wrong with psychodynamic theory? Roger's person-centered theory: self-concept & congruence vs. incongruence Unconditional positive regard What is the Person-Situation Consistency controversy? Humanistic psychology Maslow's Hierarchy of (Human) Needs expressed as pyramid Kaufman's Re-interpretation of Maslow expressed as sailboat Security, Growth, Self-Actualization, Transcendence What does Maslow's hierarchy imply about how we develop? Narcissism: nature of this personality type, dark vs. light side of narcissism. What are important characteristics of narcissism What's the difference between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism "Eastern" (Asian) vs. "Western" (American) Self Narrative Theory of Identity (Actor-Agent-Author)	Robert McCrae & Paul Costa Sigmund Freud Carl Rogers Walter Mischel Abraham Maslow Scott Barry Kaufman Hazel Markus & Shinobu Kitayama Dan McAdams
Intelligence	Two-factor theory of Intelligence Intelligence as "global capacity to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his/her environment" (Wechsler) Intelligence as multiple abilities to cope within a particular environment or culture (Anne Anastasi)	the general factor ("g") of intelligence and specific abilities ("s") Fluid (Gf) versus Crystallized (Gc) intelligence C-H-C Theory (Cattel-Horn-Carroll Theory) Three levels or "strata" to intelligence Stratum 3 = "g" (general intelligence) Stratum 2 = Broad abilities, e.g., Gf, Gc, memory & learning, processing speed Statum 1 = Narrow abilities The Binet-Simon Scale of Intelligence: mental age (MA) vs. chronological age (CA) Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (1916) William Stern's Intelligence Quotient (IQ) = MA/CA x 100 Deviation IQ as where an individual falls along the 'normal curve" distribution Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Verbal vs. Performance IQ New Scales (WAIS-IV, 2008) = Verbal comprehension, Perceptual reasoning, Working memory, Processing speed Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)	Raymond Cattell & John Horn John Carroll Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon Lewis Terman David Wechsler