All matter is electrical in
character and may be viewed as consisting of collections
of particles possessing either positive ( )
+
-
The
Chemical Potential Energy , and hence the chemical and physical
properties of atoms and condensed phases of matter are
determined by:
3
2
or negative ( )
electrical charges.
the attractive
interaction between particles of opposite
electrical charge
the repulsive
interaction between particles of
like electrical charge
( lowers the chemical potential energy)
(raises the chemical potential energy
1)
2)