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April 15-28

• Johann Balmer published the observation that certain spectral frequencies of hydrogen are related by a simple mathematical formula (Balmer series), 1885.
• William Cullen born 1710: noted the cooling effects of evaporation and of gas expansion.
• Catherine Clarke Fenselau born 1939: mass spectrometry and its application to biochemistry; Garvan Medal, 1985.
• Albert Ghiorso announced the discovery of Rutherfordium (Rf, element 104) with coworkers (Ghiorso at right) at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1969.
• Robert Gore born: inventor of Gore-Tex fabric (waterproof fabric that "breathes") from expanded polytetrafluoroethylene; Perkin Medal, 2005. View US patent Patent 3,953,566.
• Carol Greider born 1961: telomerase; Nobel Prize (medicine), 2009.
• Robert Lefkowitz born 1943: G-protein-coupled receptors; Nobel Prize, 2012.
• Nikolai Nikolaevich Semenov born 1896: chemical kinetics; theory of chain reactions; Nobel Prize, 1956.
• Ernest Solvay received patent entitled "Industrial Production of Sodium Carbonate by Means of Marine Salt, Ammonia, and Carbon Dioxide" (Solvay process) in 1861. (This more detailed article on the Solvay Process may be available only to ACS members or subscribers.)

• Joseph Black born 1728: latent heat and specific heat; foundation for modern quantitative analysis.
• Marie Maynard Daly born 1921: first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry (Columbia University, 1948)
• Humphry Davy performed first physiological experiment on nitrous oxide by inhaling it, 1799. (Don't try this at home!) Read his report.
• Albert Hofmann discovered the hallucinogenic effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 1943. (Link to US National Drug Intelligence Center's LSD Fast Facts.)
• Ernest Solvay born 1838: chemical manufacturer and Belgian government minister; Solvay process for sodium carbonate production.
• Sidney Gilchrist Thomas born 1850: effected the separation of phosphorus from iron in the Bessemer converter.

• First oil well fire, at Little and Merrick well, Oil City, PA, 1861.
• Robert Robertson born 1869: explosives; amatol (ammonium nitrate/TNT); infrared spectroscopy.

• Marston Taylor Bogert born 1868: synthesis of quinazolines and thiazoles.
• Joseph Leonard Goldstein born 1940: cholesterol metabolism and its regulation; Nobel Prize (medicine), 1985.
• George Herbert Hitchings born 1905: pharmaceutical chemistry; Nobel Prize (medicine), 1988.
• Eugene Jules Houdry born 1892: commercial catalytic cracking of petroleum for gasoline production (Houdry process, first patent application in France; US patent 1,837,963) and catalytic cleaning of automobile exhaust.
• Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran born 1838: discovered gallium (Ga, element 31), dysprosium (Dy, 66), and samarium (Sm, 62).
• William Albert Noyes, Jr., born 1898: editor of Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1950-1962.
• Joseph Priestley ignited a mixture of "inflammable air" (hydrogen) and common air, 1781, and noted that the explosion was not as powerful as can be obtained from gunpowder. He failed to recognize (as Cavendish, Lavoisier, and Watt did soon afterwards) that the two gases combine to form water.

• Samuel Cox Hooker born 1864: sugar chemistry
• Antoine Lavoisier claimed the right to the discovery of oxygen (O, element 8), arguing that he and Joseph Priestley discovered the same facts, but that he recognized the role of oxygen in combustion while Priestley explained it in terms of phlogiston theory, 1776. (This claim is treated fictionally in the play Oxygen by Carl Djerassi and Roald Hoffmann.)
• Ines Hochmuth Mandl born 1917: biochemical basis of pulmonary emphysema; medicinal uses of collagenases, elastases, and their inhibitors; Garvan Medal, 1982
• Monsanto incorporated, 1933.
• François-Charles-Léon Moureu born 1863: organic chemistry; oxidation and antioxidants; first president of IUPAC.
• Glenn Theodore Seaborg born 1912: codiscoverer of plutonium (Pu, element 94), americium (Am, 95), curium (Cm, 96), berkelium (Bk, 97), californium (Cf, 98), einsteinium (Es, 99), fermium (Fm, 100), mendelevium (Md, 101), nobelium (No, 102), and seaborgium (Sg, 106) (named by his coworkers); Nobel Prize, 1951.

• Franz Karl Achard born 1753: introduced platinum crucible; invented process for extraction of sugar from sugar beets and opened the first beet sugar factory.
• American Chemical Society organized, 1876, in New York City.
• Wilhelm (or Guglielmo) Körner born 1839: isomerism in substituted benzenes (ortho, meta, and para).
• Karl Alexander Müller born 1927: high-temperature superconducting materials; Nobel Prize (Physics), 1987.
• Gertrude Perlmann born 1912: protein biochemistry, particularly phosphoproteins; Garvan Medal, 1965.
• Kai Manne Siegbahn born 1918: electron spectroscopy; son of 1924 Nobel laureate X-ray spectroscopist Karl Siegbahn; Nobel Prize (physics), 1981.

• Jean-Baptiste Biot born 1774: discovered optical activity; Biot-Savart law in electromagnetism.
• Percy Williams Bridgman born 1882: effect of pressure on materials; showed that viscosity increases with high pressure; Nobel Prize (Physics), 1946.
• Paul Karrer born 1889: synthesis of vitamins A, B₂ (riboflavin), and E (tocopherol); Nobel Prize, 1937.
• Nalco incorporated as National Aluminate Corporation, 1928.
• Pfizer incorporated, 1900.

• Donald James Cram born 1919: Nobel Prize, 1987, for synthetic molecules which imitate biomolecules.
• First modern use of chemical weapons: chlorine gas at Ypres, 1915.
• First Earth Day, 1970.

• Max Planck born 1858: thermodynamics, particularly second law; introduced quantum theory and constant now known as Planck's constant; Nobel Prize (physics), 1918.
• Rohm & Haas incorporated, 1917.

• Roger Kornberg born 1947: genetic transcription in eukaryotic organisms; Nobel Prize, 2006.
• Jean de Marignac born 1817: discovery of ytterbium (Yb, element 70) and gadolinium (Gd, element 64). Read some of Marignac's opinions on Prout's law and on atomic and equivalent weights (1 and 2).
• Russell born 1898: invented klystron tube, founded Varian instruments (now Varian, Inc.) with brother Sigurd Varian.

• Wolfgang Pauli born 1900: Pauli exclusion principle; Nobel Prize (Physics), 1945.
• "Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid," by James Watson and Francis Crick, published in Nature, 1953.

• Michael Smith born 1932: oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis of DNA; Nobel Prize, 1993.

• Philip Hague Abelson born 1913: codiscovered neptunium (Np, element 93).
• Wallace Carothers born 1896: macromolecules; invented nylon (US patents 2,130,947 and 2,130,948). Link to lab exercises in making nylon.
• Andrew Fire born 1959: RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 2006.
• Albert Ghiorso (at right) and coworkers announced in 1970 discovery of element 105 (eventually named dubnium, Db) produced by bombarding californium-249 (²⁴⁹Cf) with nitrogen-15 (¹⁵N).
• Charles James born 1880: separation of rare earth elements.
• Antoine Lavoisier reported in 1775 that heated mercury forms red calx (HgO), while the surrounding air is reduced in volume and no longer supports combustion; heating the calx liberates oxygen.

• Alfred Bader born 1924: founder of Aldrich Chemical (now part of Sigma-Aldrich)
• Karl Barry Sharpless born 1941: catalytic oxidation, particularly stereoselective oxidation (e.g. Sharpless epoxidation), in organic synthesis; Nobel Prize, 2001

Dates are given according to the Gregorian calendar to the extent I could find them. (Note: this applies particularly to 19^th-century Russians.)

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