I‑ Procedural Rules - Collective Bargaining
•Formerly prevalence of industry‑wide bargaining
•2004 approximately 35% of employees covered by collective bargaining
•Prior to 1980, importance of informal workplace bargaining
•Now replaced largely by formal workplace mechanisms
Formerly prevalence of industry‑wide bargaining
By 1990s this system (and even company-wide national bargaining) had largely disappeared from private sector, replaced by single-plant bargaining

2004 approximately 35% of employees covered by collective bargaining
   Notice coverage is significantly greater than union density
   72% of public sector
   21% of private sector

Prior to 1980, importance of informal workplace bargaining
   Especially in coal mining and engineering
   Conducted largely by shop stewards
   Importance of informal understandings and workplace customs

Now replaced largely by formal workplace mechanisms
Most bargaining with white collar employees traditionally on single employer and even single plant basis