IV‑ Rulemaking‑ Collective Bargaining
•Bargaining Structure and Ground rules
•Negotiations industry‑wide on state or regional level between union and employers' association
–Few large enterprises have their own collective bargaining agreements, e.g. VW
–Also some company agreements with small firms
•National offices on both sides exert strong influence and national officers may be present at regional negotiations
Rulemaking‑ Collective Bargaining
Government plays major role in both procedural and substantive matters
Constitution (the basic law) protects freedom to unionize

Bargaining Structure & Ground rules
No legal procedure for recognition
Hasn't been a problem
No legal duty to bargain and a few employers do refuse

Negotiations industry‑wide on state or regional level between union and employers' association
2003 62% of employees in west and 43% in the east covered by such agreements

Also some company agreements with small firms
These still small number but growing in importance