I‑ Ideology
•Not highly compatible
–Recent history of fascism
–Influence of Marxism
–Current range from fascism and monarchism to syndicalism
–PSD now quite conservative
•Parties
–Employers anti‑union
–Unions range from Marxist to moderate Catholic
•Overall little ideological stability but perhaps more than France
PSD now quite conservative
   So much so that it is rejected by much of the radical left

Employers anti‑union
More so than Sweden
Less so than France

Overall little ideological stability but perhaps more than France ‑
Assassinations of Aldo Moro and Ezio Tarantelli
2002 Labor Law Professor Mario Biagi, who advocated labor law reform and was advisor to the Labor Minister was assassinated 1 day after writing a public article.  Similar assassination in 1999