I‑ General Characteristics of the Union Movement
•Hough‑"French trade unionism is weak, ineffective, chaotic, even tragic..."
•Unions developed as industrial wings of radical political movements
–Reflect ideological divisions of international labor movement
–Remain highly ideological and political
–All 3 major confederations espouse socialism
–Legacy of syndicalism
–Tendency to oppose bargaining
Reflect ideological divisions of international labor movement
   But more evident and exaggerated in France than anywhere else

Remain highly ideological and political
   Reflects Scoville approach
   Characteristics established early in the history of unions and carried forward

Legacy of syndicalism
   Reluctance to have anything to do with capitalist employer or capitalist state

Tendency to oppose bargaining
   Viewed as collusion with capitalists
   Prefer pressure to force unilateral concessions