Other web sites
	on (mainly) the
	History of Chemistry,
History of Science, and Scientific Biography

Large non-specialized databases and search tools are often useful gateways to historical material. Jump to some of the general tools I frequently use.

The sites I've assembled specifically on topics in history of chemistry, history of science, and scientific biography are organized as follows:

• Biographies and archives
  • collections of short biographies
  • emphasis on underrepresented groups
  • Archives and individual biographies
• historical developments in chemistry
• historical developments in science more generally
  • original texts
  • reference materials, curriculum materials, and directories in history of science
  • exhibits and museums
• Groups and organizations devoted to history of chemistry and history of science
• Miscellaneous vanished (archived) sites

Biographies and Archives

Collections of Short Biographies

• Australian Academy of Science, Biographical Memoirs
• Bright Sparcs: directory of figures from Australian science, technology, and medicine
• Biographies of chemists, prepared by Peter Morris. Short sketches, many of which have previously appeared in his "confusing names" feature of the Historical Group Newsletter of the Royal Society of Chemistry
• Caricatures of historical chemists by William Jensen. See the rest of his website.
• Profiles of Great Canadian Scientists, including information about the people and their science; includes chemists
• Catalog of the Scientific Community in the 16th and 17th Centuries, compiled by the late Richard S. Westfall, Professor in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at Indiana University; part of the Galileo Project at Rice University.
• Chemical Achievers by Mary Ellen Bowden: most of the material is still available under historical biographies at the Science History Institute (formerly Chemical Heritage Foundation).
• 100 Distinguished European Chemists, listed and sketched by European Association for Chemical and Molecular Sciences (EuCheMS)) [This link contains the list of 100, but the list does not link to the corresponding articles! To find someone on the list, Google the name and site:euchems.eu -CJG]
• Gallery of Chemists' Photo-Portraits and Mini-Biographies at Michigan State University [Scroll down: there are several pages]
• Chemical Genealogy Database of about 1150 names. Vera Mainz and Gregory Girolami, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
• Histoire de la Chimie site, Biographical gallery (en français).
• Linda Hall Library Scientist of the Day and archive of past scientists of the day
• The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive: Indexes of Biographies (of mathematicians and some physical scientists)
• National Library of Medicine (US): Profiles in Science include biographies and some archival material (papers, correspondence, etc.)
• Nobelprize.org: information on the Prizes, the Laureates, Alfred Nobel, the Foundation, and a partially searchable nominations archive--from the Nobel Prize organization.
• Nobel Prize Internet Archive: information on Nobel Laureates in chemistry, physics, physiology or medicine, economics, literature, and peace
• Pioneers in the Optical Sciences, which include spectroscopy, optical rotation and X-ray techniques. Part of the Molecular Expressions website
• Eminent Organic Chemists: Video reminiscences of prominent organic chemists. Produced by Jeffrey Seeman for the ACS Division of Organic Chemistry.
• Photo Gallery of Chemists from Abegg to Zeeman. (While you're there, check out the resources for high school chemistry which is the main reason for the ChemTeam Site.)
• [not accessible 11 Jan 2022]Radioactivity: Historical Figures: a sketch of the work of Röntgen, Becquerel, the Curies, and Rutherford at the Access Excellence Site developed at Genentech and now at the National Health Museum
• National Academy of Science (US): Biographical Memoirs
• Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography contains many short biographical sketches by Eric Weisstein.

• ACS Honors African Americans in the Chemical Sciences
• 175 Faces of Chemistry: Mostly contemporary, some historical. In seeking to promote diversity and inclusion, RSC has integrated these stories across its website, but they can still be found in one place on the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine.
• The Faces of Science: African-Americans in the Sciences: (archived from Mitchell C. Brown, University of California, Irvine)
• Biographical Snapshots of Famous Women and Minority Chemists, edited by Barbara A. Burke for JCE Internet (archived at the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine).
• Diversity in Chemistry: a collection of short biographical sketches and other resources for bringing stories of diverse chemists into the classroom. Featured in J. Chem. Educ. 2022, 99, 504-507
• History of Mathematics, Science, and Technology: A Culturally Affirming View. A collection of biographical sketches of scientists (originally at San Jose State University, now at Michigan State University).
• LGBTQ+ chemists you should know about from Chemical and Engineering News
• The ScienceMakers: NSF-funded section of The HistoryMakers, a video oral history collection of the Black experience
• Trailblazers 2021: African-Americans in chemistry, from Chemical & Engineering News
• Well-known Women Engineers and Scientists from around the world (Monique Frize, Carleton University); alphabetical list through K at present
• Women in Chemistry: Her Lab in Your Life: developed by the Chemical Heritage Foundation. The site is no longer maintained: this link is via the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine.
• The Women in Chemistry Oral History Project: part of the Archives of Women in Science and Engineering, Iowa State University Library.
• Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics: from the Committee on the Status of Women in Physics and the Forum on the History of Physics of the American Physical Society.
• Distinguished Women of Past and Present (archived): includes biographical information on women in chemistry, astronomy, biology, engineering, physics, and many other fields outside the natural sciences and technology.
• Women Untold: Video on three pioneer women of color in STEM written, directed, and produced by students at Lawrence Technological University. Featured scientists are Jewel Plummer Cobb (cancer researcher and university president), Alice Augusta Ball (treatment for leprosy), and Evelyn Boyd Granville (NASA Mathematician).
• 4000 years of women in science: Photographs, Biographies, and References

• Amedeo Avogadro Digital Library of published works and manuscripts at Museo Galileo (in italiano)
• Robert Boyle Project at Birkbeck, University of London
• work diaries of Robert Boyle at project CELL (Centre for Editing Lives and Letters)
• Stanislao Cannizzaro Archive at the Italian National Academy of Science (in italiano): contains documents, letters, and biographical material.
• Marie Curie and the Science of Radioactivity by the American Institute of Physics
• Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online (not chemistry, of course, but of broad interest)
• Collected Papers of Albert Einstein: transcribed and (where necessary) translated into English at Princeton University Press
• Einstein Archives Online: papers, essays, and letters from the Einstein Papers Project (CalTech & Hebrew University, Jerusalem)
• Albert Einstein: Image and Impact, American Institute of Physics
• Albert Einstein Online maintained by S. Morgan Friedman.
• Benjamin Franklin resources at the Franklin Institute
• Musée Gay-Lussac at Ville de Saint Léonard de Noblat (en Français).
• Werner Heisenberg and the Uncertainty Principle, David C. Cassidy (Hofstra University) and American Institute of Physics Center for History of Physics
• Robert Hooke: roberthooke.org.uk
• Forgotten Genius: NOVA documentary on Percy Lavon Julian.
• Les Amis de Lavoisier (en Français or English) written by Jean Pierre Poirier.
• Panopticon Lavoisier: a project undertaken by several museums in France and Italy to digitize, integrate, and post the papers (those previously published as well as those never before published) of Lavoisier. Includes page images of Lavoisier's Oeuvres. A searchable electronic edition from this project is at CNRS (French national center for scientific research).
• Lawrence and the Cyclotron, on E. O. Lawrence, American Institute of Physics
• Johann Josef Loschmidt: biography, photos, diaries, etc.
• Profiles in Science at the US National Library of Medicine: archival materials on 20th-century biomedical scientists. For example, Rosalind Franklin's notebook on possible DNA structures or Charles Drew's typescript report on "The Negro Physician in the Present [WWII] War Effort".
• Dmitriy Mendeleev Online maintained by Eugene V. Babaev at Moscow State University
• Walther Nernst memorial website
• The Chymistry of Isaac Newton, at Indiana University's Digital Library.
• The Newton Project manuscripts and archives including alchemical and theological writings (at Sussex University).
• Joseph-Nicéphore Niépce and photography
• Pasteur Brewing: articles by Pasteur, images, biographical sketches of contemporaries, and more
• Wolfgang Pauli and modern physics: virtual exhibition at ETH library.
• Linus Pauling: Oregon State University Library celebrated the Pauling centenary in 2001, including digitized images of laboratory notebooks. More recently, the library's special collections have mounted digital archives and exhibits on both Paulings' role in the international peace movement as well as Linus's war work, The Race for DNA, the structure of proteins, the Nature of the Chemical Bond and Sickle Cell Anemia.
• Joseph Priestley Online: collection of Priestley resources and bibliography compiled by Andrew Harris
• Ernest Rutherford, Scientist Supreme: biographical information and more by John Campbell
• Glenn Seaborg: His Life and Contributions, at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
• Alessandro Volta: exhibit on his life and work as part of Pavia Project Physics, University of Pavia
• Tempio Voltiano: turn of the 19th-century electrical apparatus on the shore of Lake Como
• James Watt: a biography by Andrew Carnegie, E-text from University of Rochester Steam Engine Library (archived); audiobook at Librivox

• Before there was chemistry, there was Alchemy (at levity.com).
• From Alchemy to Chemistry: Five Hundred Years of Rare and Interesting Books: from an exhibit held at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library, co-curated by Tina Chrzastowski, Vera Mainz, and Gregory Girolami.
• American Chemical Society National Historic Chemical Landmarks
• A Select Bibliography of Chemistry by Henry Carrington Bolton, including the original publication and supplements, at Hathi Trust Digital Library
• Bulletin for the History of Chemistry
• Chemistry: A Historical Perspective. This set of essays, organized thematically, describes many important developments in chemistry from alchemy to modern nuclear transmutation. Part of Chemistry Online, by James Fromm.
• Brief Chronology of Chemistry from the Ancients to the Nuclear Atom. This set of essays focuses on physical aspects of chemistry and includes many biographical sketches. (Paul Charlesworth, Michigan Tech)
• DNA structure: "Linus Pauling and the Race for DNA" at Oregon State University Library.
• Colorants Industry History (archived): by Robert (Bob) Baptista, a former chemist at Bayer (US); it deals with 20th-century US dye industry. Includes a reprint of 1992 article by Peter Morris and Anthony Travis, "A History of the International Dyestuff Industry."
• History of Chemistry Course Syllabi (Peter Ramberg, Truman State University)
• A Dictionary of Obsolete Chemical Terms by Jon Eklund, transcribed by John Park and posted at the ChemTeam site.
• Bibliographie der Dissertationen amerikanischer und britischer Chemiker an deutschen Universitäten, 1840-1914 (auf Deutsch) by Paul Jones: searchable list of dissertation titles, authors, and mentors
• Ancient Dyes, Natural and Synthetic by Chris Cooksey (archived)
• Exhibit on the "Discovery of the Electron," American Institute of Physics.
• "Elemental and Molecular Heritage: An Internet-based Display," by Henry S. Rzepa: a description of the display and the display itself
• Chemical Elements: Their Discovery and the Origins of their Names: by Dave Trapp, Sequim (Washington) High School
• Elementymology & Elements Multidict by Peter van der Krogt: names of the elements in many languages and etymologies of those names
• Images from the Edgar Fahs Smith Collection from the University of Pennsylvania Libraries at Artstor. (Click Search within Results.) Portraits of important chemists and diagrams of historical chemical apparatus.
• History of Green Chemistry at ThomasNet.com
• Chronology of Chemical Information Science Compiled by Robert V. Williams and Mary Ellen Bowden.
• Foundations of Chemistry: a journal for "philosophical, historical, educational and interdisciplinary studies of chemistry."
• Histoire de la Chimie: chronology of many important developments in chemistry from antiquity to the early 20th century; includes a Biographical gallery (en français).
• History of Chemical Engineering & Chemical Technology by Wayne Pafko
• Hyle: an international journal for the philosophy of chemistry. Site includes a bibliography and other links for philosophy of chemistry.
• Mass Spectrometry (Gary Siuzdak, Scripps Center for Mass Spectrometry): basic principles, timeline, biographies, and other historical material
• Name Reactions at Organic Chemistry Portal, an extensive site that contains much information on contemporary organic chemistry as well.
• Name Reactions in Organic Chemistry (archived from Institute of Chemistry, Skopje, Macedonia): many names, but fairly few reactions yet posted. Those that are posted are well done, however.
• Named Reactions by Marcus Brackeen (MonomerChem Inc.)
• Named Things in Chemistry and Physics: John Andraos, York University, Toronto
• NMR and MRI: a collection of references and web links collected by edited by Stanislav Sýkora, including references to pre-1955 history.
• Mallinckrodt Outline of the History of Chemistry originally compiled by Norris K. Rakestraw (1927), revised by Herbert S. Klickstein (1957, 1961), and adapted for the web by Robert B. Gayhart at Bradley University.
• Painting: pigments and oils. This historical tutorial on oil painting archived from Sanders Studios Fine Arts & Portraits concentrates on art, but does not neglect materials. It includes descriptions and definitions of many pigments past and present.
• Development of the Periodic Table (Western Oregon University).
• 2019 was the International Year of the Periodic Table
• INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables at Mark Leach's Chemogenesis web book. Includes alternative layouts and non-chemical periodic tables
• History of photochemistry: some primary texts (PDF) and biographical information on 20th-century photochemists (archived from Nicholas J. Turro (d. 2012) & group, Columbia)
• A History of Photography from its beginnings till the 1920s by Dr. Robert Leggat: extensive and well-organized site on an area full of applied chemistry. Dr. Leggat passed away in 2011, but his site is now hosted by Michael Pritchard.
• A History of Pharmacy in Pictures: based on a Parke-Davis exhibition, once posted at Washington State University College of Pharmacy, archived from Auburn University's school of pharmacy
• Plastics Collection at Syracuse University Libraries
• Plastics Historical Society, London: includes a section on people and polymers.
• Early Ideas in the History of Quantum Chemistry, by Udo Anders. Much biographical material, with an emphasis on semiempirical methods.
• Sources for History of Quantum Physics, by Thomas Kuhn, John Heilbron, Paul Forman, and Lini Allen. Bibliographical material.
• Rediscovery of the Elements by James L. and Virginia R. Marshall: lots of photos and information about the places associated with discoveries and discoverers of elements as well as some articles originally published in the Alpha Chi Sigma Hexagon
• Rubber: history, biographies, chemistry, and conservation at Bouncing Balls (maintained by John Loadman).
• Science History Institute (formerly Chemical Heritage Foundation): including Digital Collections, its center for oral history, multimedia outreach (magazine, podcast, video, and blog) called Distillations, as well as a physical museum and library.
• Xenobiotic metabolism: a series of historical vignettes on the metabolism of foreign compounds by biological systems, from the International Society for the Study of Xenobiotics.
• Fifty Years of X-Ray Diffraction, edited by P. P. Ewald: Chapters on the electron-diffraction and crystallography and related topics, including discovery of X-rays, X-ray spectroscopy, biographies, and reminiscences.
• Online exhibit for the hundredth anniversary of X-ray diffraction assembled by Greg Girolami and Vera Mainz, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.

Original Texts

• Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften digital library: page images of Berlin academy proceedings (l'Académie Royale des Sciences et des Belles-Lettres de Berlin [in French] and Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin [in German])
• Comptes rendus at the Bibliothèque nationale de France (en français, of course).
• ECHO (European Cultural Heritage Online) Collection of Source Texts on the History of Chemistry.
• Museo Galileo Digital Library: Digital collections and thematic digital exhibitions relevant to chemistry (Avogadro and Lavoisier) and lots about Galileo and other (mostly) Italian scientists.
• [landing page accessible but no books, 12 Jan 2022]History of gems, gemology, and mining library: page images of books at Farlang.com, managed by the Dutch Gem and Diamond Foundation
• Chemistry texts at the Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum (Center for Retrospective Digitization, Göttingen). Page images in German, including Johann Friedrich Gmelin: History of Chemistry to the end of the 18th Century (1797), Friedrich Albrecht Carl Gren, Systematisches Handbuch der gesammten Chemie (1794), and Macquer's Chymisches Wörterbuch oder Allgemeine Begriffe der Chymie nach alphabetischer Ordnung
• Harvard Classics volume 30, Scientific Papers: Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy, Geology: lectures for a non-specialist audience by prominent 19th-century scientists including Faraday, Helmholtz, and Kelvin.
• Internet History of Science Sourcebook at Fordham University
• Making of America: images and texts of selected 19th-century American books and journals (or American editions), including chemistry books.
• Natural science and mathematics books and journals online, including chemistry, catalogued at University of Pennsylvania
• Index to Nicholson's Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts
• Patents: Europe's Network of patent databases: facsimiles (pdf) available of European, American, Japanese patents and more. I prefer their older, structured Advanced search form.
• Google Patents advanced search: US Patents searchable by full text (to the extent that the text has been correctly recognized by OCR).
• Patents: US Patent search page. Patents before 1976 available as images; searchable by number only. Later patents searchable by several fields; available in full text and images.
• Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: all issues before the split into subjects and some after available from from publisher

• American Institute of Physics Niels Bohr Library & Archives: for the history of physics includes much information of interests to chemists as well, including Emilio Segrè Visual Archives, digital collections, and oral histories.
• Australian Science Archives Project (ASAP)
• A History of Science, by Henry Smith Williams: early 20th-century multivolume work in searchable electronic form at the Biodiversity Heritage Library
• SHiPS resource center on Sociology, History, and Philosophy of Science for science teachers, edited and coordinated by Douglas Allchin. Includes Curriculum modules in several science areas and revised historical insights into familiar scientific tales.

• Atomic Archive: History, Science, and Consequences of the Atomic Bomb, by AJ Software.
• Science History Institute (formerly Chemical Heritage Foundation): including Digital Collections, its center for oral history, multimedia outreach (magazine, podcast, video, and blog) called Distillations, as well as a physical museum and library.
• Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology: the Smithsonian Institution's collection of rare books and manuscripts in history of science and technology, including a portrait collection.
• Scientific Instrument Museum at Humboldt State University, Richard A. Paselk, Curator. Includes images and descriptions of small instruments used earlier in the 20th century, as well as contemporary literature on scientific instrumentation.
• Epact: Scientific Instruments of Medieval and Renaissance Europe
• US National Inventors Hall of Fame: search or browse inventions, chemical and otherwise
• Museo Galileo (Florence, Italy) on-line exhibitions
• Museum of the History of Science, Oxford, UK: on-line exhibits.
• Oesper Collections in the History of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati. Includes images of instruments and lists of works by and about selected 18th- and 19th-century chemists.
• Royal Society (London) Philosophical Transactions: 350 years of publishing
  • History of the Royal Society (London), including a timeline
  • Philosophical Transactions: 350 years of publishing at the Royal Society: exhibition at the RS
  • Publishing the Philosophical Transactions: Exhibit at University of St Andrews
• Today in Science History by Ian Ellis.
• Worldwide Database of University Museums and Collections, including sections on chemistry and history of science. Thanks to Slađana Savić of the The Great Serbian Chemists' Collection at the University of Belgrade for bringing this database to my attention.

• American Chemical Society Division of the History of Chemistry (HIST).
• CHEM-HIST: international electronic forum (discussion group) and news bulletin for History of Chemistry, managed by Christoph Meinel, University of Regensburg, Germany.
• European Chemical Society (EuCheMS) Working Party on the History of Chemistry
• History of Science Society
• International Society for the Philosophy of Chemistry: devoted to the international exchange of ideas concerning the philosophical foundations of the chemical sciences.
• Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) Historical Group
• Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry (SHAC)

• Canadian Science and Engineering Hall of Fame [via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine]
• Cartage (Lebanon): biographies of chemists and other scientists [chemists and other scientists via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine]
• Case Histories of Drug Discovery: summaries and some transcripts of a symposium of the Society for Medicines Research [via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine]
• Chemist of the Month Archive, compiled by Leopold May, Catholic University of America. Prof. May also compiled the "Milestones in Chemistry" calendar formerly published by ACS. It was the kernel of the calendar in Classic Chemistry.
• History of Drugs, maintained by Walter Sneader, University of Strathclyde [via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine]
• ECHO: Exploring and Collecting History Online, Science and Technology, a project of the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
• Electrical Scientists: biographies of scientists who contributed to electricity, electrochemistry, electrical technology, and the like (Eugenii Katz: Hebrew University, Jerusalem, and Clarkson University, NY) [via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine]
• Intute history of chemistry links: part of Intute, an on-line service to Web resources for education and research. The Classic Chemistry internet resources page has links to current versions of some resources listed here.
• Links for Chemists, once the Chemistry section of The WWW Virtual Library: links to a large variety of institutional chemistry sites (universities, industries, organizations) as well as many content topics within chemistry. [via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine. Both the WWW Virtual Library and Links for Chemists are of interest for historical purposes, not as functional lists.]
• Named Reactions in Organic Chemistry (at University of Connecticut) names and describes many of these organic reactions, including references to the original and current literature. [via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine]
• Classic Organic Reactions: named reactions with structures and literature citations from the ChemPen Software site [via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine]
• Historical papers in early 20th-century physics, maintained by Paul de Haas [via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine]
• A Concise history of plastics by Douglas E. Fahey for New South Wales Process Manufacturing Industry Training Body (Australia). [copy from Gdansk University of Technology via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine]
• Science Texts Online, compiled by Bill Palmer of Northern Territories University, Australia [via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine]
• Science Timeline: marks in the evolution of western thinking about nature, compiled by David Lee. Few if any sources or links to further information.
• Sparks of Genius: short biographical sketches of scientists and engineers who contributed to the development of radio; part of Russell Naughton's "Adventures in Cybersound" project. [via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine]
• Overview of 19th-century thermodynamics: posted (with permission) by Vince Ciricola [via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine]

• Google books: the most comprehensive repository of old scientific journals and books (and of lots of other texts), but not always easy to find material
• Hathi Trust Digital Library: a library-like entry to some of the riches of books digitized by Google and others
• Internet Archive and its associated Open Library project
• Gallica, bibliothèque numérique de la Bibliothèque nationale de France (digital library of the National Library of France)
• Searching journals and newspapers is free; most charge for full text either a la carte or by subscription (except as noted), even if the material is in the public domain. If your institution subscribes, find out from your library how to access articles.
  • ACS Publications (American Chemical Society) from 1879.
  • RSC Publishing (Royal Society of Chemistry) from 1841.
  • Nature and its journals. Obituaries are often available even without subscription.
  • Royal Society (London) publishing from 1665. Articles more than 70 years old and all Biographical Memoirs (and some others) are free.
  • Science, from 1880, and its journals
  • Wiley Online Library includes classic chemistry journals like Annalen and Berichte as well as their successor European journals
  • New York Times from 1851.
  JSTOR.org and Newspaperarchive.com are aggregators of scholarly journals and of newspapers respectively. Again, searching is free, and articles are by fee or subscription.
• Wikipedia is vast and easy to use. I find it most useful for leads to more specialized sources and for public-domain images.

Back to the top of the Classic Chemistry site