Copyright: Made with the help of Makertf 1.05 alpha 1


About this help file

This file was made with the help of Makertf 1.05 alpha 1 from the input file latex2e.texi.

This file documents LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. LaTeX2e is a macro package for TeX.

This is edition 1.6 of the LaTeX2e documentation, and is for the Texinfo that is distributed as part of Version 19 of GNU Emacs. It uses version 2.134 or later of the texinfo.tex input file.

This is translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in the VMS Help Library.  The pre-translation version was written by George D. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University.

The LaTeX 2.09 version was written by Stephen Gilmore <stg@dcs.ed.ac.uk>.

The LaTeX2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen <bullestock@dk-online.dk>.

Copyright 1988,1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc.  Copyright 1994-1996 Torsten Martinsen.

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that the sections entitled "Distribution" and "General Public License" may be included in a translation approved by the author instead of in the original English.


Node: Top, Next: Overview, Prev: (dir), Up: (dir)	About this help file

LaTeX2e is a document preparation system implemented as a macro package for Donald E. Knuth's TeX typesetting program.

LaTeX was originally conceived by Leslie Lamport.

This is edition 1.6 of the LaTeX2e documentation.

* Menu:

Overview	What is LaTeX?

Commands	Commands within a LaTeX document.

Parameters	The command line.

Command Index	An alphabetical list of LaTeX commands.

Concept Index	An alphabetical list of concepts.


Overview of LaTeX and Local Guide
Node: Overview, Next: Commands, Prev: Top, Up: Top

Overview of LaTeX and Local Guide

The LaTeX command typesets a file of text using the TeX program and the LaTeX Macro package for TeX.  To be more specific, it processes an input file containing the text of a document with interspersed commands that describe how the text should be formatted.  It produces at least three files as output:

1.	A "Device Independent", or .dvi file. This contains commands that can be translated into commands for a variety of output devices.  You can view the output of LaTeX by using a program such as xdvi, which actually uses the .dvi file.

2.	A "transcript" or .log file that contains summary information and diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input file.

3.	An "auxiliary" or .aux file. This is used by LaTeX itself, for things such as sectioning.

For a description of what goes on inside TeX, you should consult The TeXbook by Donald E. Knuth, ISBN 0-201-13448-9, published jointly by the American Mathematical Society and Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.

For a description of LaTeX, you should consult:

LaTeX: A Document Preparation System, by Leslie Lamport, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 2nd edition, 1994.

The LaTeX Companion, by Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach, and Alexander Samarin, Addison-Wesley, 1994.


Commands
Node: Commands, Next: Parameters, Prev: Overview, Up: Top

Commands

A LaTeX command begins with the command name, which consists of a \ followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter.  Arguments contained in square brackets, [], are optional while arguments contained in braces, {}, are required.

NOTE:  LaTeX  is case sensitive.   Enter  all commands  in lower  case unless explicitly directed to do otherwise.

* Menu:

Counters	Internal counters used by LaTeX.

Cross References	Automatic referencing.

Definitions	Define your own commands etc.

Document Classes	Some of the various classes available.

Environments	Such as enumerate & itemize.

Footnotes	How to produce footnotes.

Layout	Controlling the page layout.

Lengths	The length commands.

Letters	The letter class.

Line & Page Breaking	How to insert pagebreaks etc.

Making Paragraphs	Paragraph commands.

Margin Notes	Putting remarks in the margin.

Math Formulae	How to create mathematical formulae.

Modes	Paragraph, Math or LR modes.

Page Styles	Various styles of page layout.

Sectioning	How to section properly.

Spaces & Boxes	All the associated commands.

Special Characters	Special reserved characters.

Splitting the Input	Dealing with big files by splitting.

Starting & Ending	The formal start & end layouts.

Table of Contents	How to create a table of contents.

Terminal Input/Output	User interaction.

Typefaces	Such as bold, italics etc.


Counters
Node: Counters, Next: Cross References, Prev: Commands, Up: Commands

Counters

Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment or command that produces the number, except with no \.  (enumi - enumiv are used for the nested enumerate environment.)  Below is a list of the counters used in LaTeX's standard document classes to control numbering.

 part            paragraph       figure          enumi
 chapter         subparagraph    table           enumii
 section         page            footnote        enumiii
 subsection      equation        mpfootnote      enumiv
 subsubsection

* Menu:

\addtocounter	Add a quantity to a counter.

\alph	Print value of a counter using letters.

\arabic	Print value of a counter using numerals.

\fnsymbol	Print value of a counter using symbols.

\newcounter	Define a new counter.

\refstepcounter	Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters.

\roman	Print value of a counter using roman numerals.

\setcounter	Set the value of a counter.

\stepcounter	Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters.

\usecounter	Use a specified counter in a list environment.

\value	Use the value of a counter in an expression.


\addtocounter
Node: \addtocounter, Next: \alph, Prev: Counters, Up: Counters

\addtocounter

\addtocounter{counter}{value}

The \addtocounter command increments the counter by the amount specified by the value argument.  The value argument can be negative.


\alph
Node: \alph, Next: \arabic, Prev: \addtocounter, Up: Counters

\alph

\alph{counter}

This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in alphabetic characters.  The \alph command uses lower case alphabetic alphabetic characters, i.e., a, b, c... while the \Alph command uses upper case alphabetic characters, i.e., A, B, C....


\arabic
Node: \arabic, Next: \fnsymbol, Prev: \alph, Up: Counters

\arabic

\arabic{counter}

The \arabic command causes the value of the counter to be printed in Arabic numbers, i.e., 3.


\fnsymbol
Node: \fnsymbol, Next: \newcounter, Prev: \arabic, Up: Counters

\fnsymbol

\fnsymbol{counter}

The \fnsymbol command causes the value of the counter to be printed in a specific sequence of nine symbols that can be used for numbering footnotes.

NB. counter must have a value between 1 and 9 inclusive.


\newcounter
Node: \newcounter, Next: \refstepcounter, Prev: \fnsymbol, Up: Counters

\newcounter

\newcounter{foo}[counter]

The \newcounter command defines a new counter named foo.  The counter is initialized to zero.

The optional argument [counter] causes the counter foo to be reset whenever the counter named in the optional argument is incremented.


\refstepcounter
Node: \refstepcounter, Next: \roman, Prev: \newcounter, Up: Counters

\refstepcounter

\refstepcounter{counter}

The \refstepcounter command works like  \stepcounter See \stepcounter, except it also defines the current \ref value to be the result of \thecounter.


\roman
Node: \roman, Next: \stepcounter, Prev: \refstepcounter, Up: Counters

\roman

\roman{counter}

This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in Roman numerals.  The \roman command uses lower case Roman numerals, i.e., i, ii, iii..., while the \Roman command uses upper case Roman numerals, i.e., I, II, III....


\stepcounter
Node: \stepcounter, Next: \setcounter, Prev: \roman, Up: Counters

\stepcounter

\stepcounter{counter}

The \stepcounter command adds one to the counter and resets all subsidiary counters.


\setcounter
Node: \setcounter, Next: \usecounter, Prev: \stepcounter, Up: Counters

\setcounter

\setcounter{counter}{value}

The \setcounter command sets the value of the counter to that specified by the value argument.


\usecounter
Node: \usecounter, Next: \value, Prev: \setcounter, Up: Counters

\usecounter

\usecounter{counter}

The \usecounter command is used in the second argument of the list environment to allow the counter specified to be used to number the list items.


\value
Node: \value, Next: , Prev: \usecounter, Up: Counters

\value

\value{counter}

The \value command produces the value of the counter named in the mandatory argument.  It can be used where LaTeX expects an integer or number, such as the second argument of a \setcounter or \addtocounter command, or in:

        \hspace{\value{foo}\parindent}

It is useful for doing arithmetic with counters.


Cross References
Node: Cross References, Next: Definitions, Prev: Counters, Up: Commands

Cross References

One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details."

* Menu:

\label	Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text.

\pageref	Refer to a page number.

\ref	Refer to a section, figure or similar.


\label
Node: \label, Next: \pageref, Prev: Cross References, Up: Cross References

\label

\label{key}

A \label command appearing in ordinary text assigns to the key the number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbered environment assigns that number to the key.

A key can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or punctuation characters.  Upper and lowercase letters are different.

To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by a colon. The prefixes conventionally used are

•	cha for chapters

•	sec for lower-level sectioning commands

•	fig for figures

•	tab for tables

•	eq for equations

Thus, a label for a figure would look like fig:bandersnatch.


\pageref
Node: \pageref, Next: \ref, Prev: \label, Up: Cross References

\pageref

\pageref{key}

The \pageref command produces the page number of the place in the text where the corresponding \label command appears. ie. where \label{key} appears.


\ref
Node: \ref, Next: , Prev: \pageref, Up: Cross References

\ref

\ref{key}

The \ref command produces the number of the sectional unit, equation number, ... of the corresponding \label command.


Definitions
Node: Definitions, Next: Document Classes, Prev: Cross References, Up: Commands

Definitions

* Menu:

\newcommand	Define a new command.

\newenvironment	Define a new environment.

\newtheorem	Define a new theorem-like environment.

\newfont	Define a new font name.


\newcommand
Node: \newcommand, Next: \newenvironment, Prev: Definitions, Up: Definitions

\newcommand

 \newcommand{cmd}[args]{definition}
 \newcommand{cmd}[args][default]{definition}
 \renewcommand{cmd}[args]{definition}
 \renewcommand{cmd}[args][default]{definition}

These commands define (or redefine) a command.

cmd

A command name beginning with a \.  For \newcommand it must not be already defined and must not begin with \end; for \renewcommand it must already be defined.

args

An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the command being defined.  The default is for the command to have no arguments.

def

If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command's first argument is optional. The default value of the optional argument is def.

definition

The text to be substituted for every occurrence of cmd; a parameter of the form #n in cmd is replaced by the text of the nth argument when this substitution takes place.


\newenvironment
Node: \newenvironment, Next: \newtheorem, Prev: \newcommand, Up: Definitions

\newenvironment

 \newenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}
 \newenvironment{nam}[args][default]{begdef}{enddef}
 \renewenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}

These commands define or redefine an environment.

nam

The name of the environment.  For \newenvironment there must be no currently defined environment by that name, and the command \nam must be undefined.  For \renewenvironment the environment must already be defined.

args

An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the newly-defined environment.  The default is no arguments.

default

If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and default gives the default value for that argument.

begdef

The text substituted for every occurrence of \begin{nam}; a parameter of the form #n in cmd is replaced by the text of the nth argument when this substitution takes place.

enddef

The text substituted for every occurrence of \end{nam}.  It may not contain any argument parameters.


\newtheorem
Node: \newtheorem, Next: \newfont, Prev: \newenvironment, Up: Definitions

\newtheorem

 \newtheorem{env_name}{caption}[within]
 \newtheorem{env_name}[numbered_like]{caption}

This command defines a theorem-like environment.

env_name

The name of the environment to be defined. A string of letters.  It must not be the name of an existing environment or counter.

caption

The text printed at the beginning of the environment, right before the number. This may simply say "Theorem", for example.

within

The name of an already defined counter, usually of a sectional unit.  Provides a means of resetting the new theorem counter within the sectional unit.

numbered_like

The name of an already defined theorem-like environment.

The \newtheorem command may have at most one optional argument.


\newfont
Node: \newfont, Next: , Prev: \newtheorem, Up: Definitions

\newfont

\newfont{cmd}{font_name}

Defines the command name cmd, which must not be currently defined, to be a declaration that selects the font named font_name to be the current font.


Document Classes
Node: Document Classes, Next: Environments, Prev: Definitions, Up: Commands

Document Classes

Valid LaTeX document classes include:

•	article

•	report

•	letter

•	book

•	slides

Other document classes are often available. See Overview, for details.  They are selected with the following command:

\documentclass [options] {class}

All the standard classes (except slides) accept the following options for selecting the typeface size (10 pt is default):

10pt, 11pt, 12pt

All classes accept these options for selecting the paper size (default is letter):

a4paper, a5paper, b5paper, letterpaper, legalpaper, executivepaper

Miscellaneous options:

•	landscape -- selects landscape format. Default is portrait.

•	titlepage, notitlepage -- selects if there should be a separate title page.

•	leqno -- equation number on left side of equations. Default is right side.

•	fleqn -- displayed formulas flush left. Default is centred.

•	openbib -- use "open" bibliography format.

•	draft, final -- mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a rule.  Default is final.

These options are not available with the slides class:

•	oneside, twoside -- selects one- or twosided layout. Default is oneside, except for the book class.

•	openright, openany -- determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page. Default is openright for book.

•	onecolumn, twocolumn -- one or two columns. Defaults to one column.

The slides class offers the option clock for printing the time at the bottom of each note.

If you specify more than one option, they must be separated by a comma.

Additional packages are loaded by a

\usepackage[options]{pkg} command. If you specify more than one package, they must be separated by a comma.  Any options given in the \documentclass command that are unknown by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with \usepackage.


Node: Layout, Next: Lengths, Prev: Footnotes, Up: Commands

Layout

Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page.

* Menu:

\flushbottom	Make all text pages the same height.

\onecolumn	Use one-column layout.

\raggedbottom	Allow text pages of differing height.

\twocolumn	Use two-column layout.


\flushbottom
Node: \flushbottom, Next: \onecolumn, Prev: , Up: Layout

\flushbottom

The \flushbottom declaration makes all text pages the same height, adding extra vertical space when necessary to fill out the page.

This is the standard if twocolumn mode is selected.


\onecolumn
Node: \onecolumn, Next: \raggedbottom, Prev: \flushbottom, Up: Layout

\onecolumn

The \onecolumn declaration starts a new page and produces single-column output.


\raggedbottom
Node: \raggedbottom, Next: \twocolumn, Prev: \onecolumn, Up: Layout

\raggedbottom

The \raggedbottom declaration makes all pages the height of the text on that page.  No extra vertical space is added.


\twocolumn
Node: \twocolumn, Next: , Prev: \raggedbottom, Up: Layout

\twocolumn

\twocolumn[text]

The \twocolumn declaration starts a new page and produces two-column output. If the optional text argument is present, it is typeset in one-column mode.


Environments
Node: Environments, Next: Footnotes, Prev: Document Classes, Up: Commands

Environments

LaTeX provides a number of different paragraph-making environments.  Each environment begins and ends in the same manner.

        \begin{environment-name}
        .
        .
        .
        \end{environment-name}

* Menu:

array	Math arrays.

center	Centred lines.

description	Labelled lists.

enumerate	Numbered lists.

eqnarray	Sequences of aligned equations.

equation	Displayed equation.

figure	Floating figures.

flushleft	Flushed left lines.

flushright	Flushed right lines.

itemize	Bulleted lists.

letter	Letters.

list	Generic list environment.

minipage	Miniature page.

picture	Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles.

quotation	Indented environment with paragraph indentation.

quote	Indented environment with no paragraph indentation.

tabbing	Align text arbitrarily.

table	Floating tables.

tabular	Align text in columns.

thebibliography	Bibliography or reference list.

theorem	Theorems, lemmas, etc.

titlepage	For hand crafted title pages.

verbatim	Simulating typed input.

verse	For poetry and other things.


array
Node: array, Next: center, Prev: Environments, Up: Environments

array

\begin{array}{col1col2...coln}
column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
 .
 .
 .
\end{array}

Math arrays are produced with the array environment.  It has a single mandatory argument describing the number of columns and the alignment within them.  Each column, coln, is specified by a single letter that tells how items in that row should be formatted.

•	c -- for centred

•	l -- for flush left

•	r -- for flush right

Column entries must be separated by an &.  Column entries may include other LaTeX commands.  Each row of the array must be terminated with the string \\.

Note that the array environment can only be used in math mode, so normally it is used inside an equation environment.


center
Node: center, Next: description, Prev: array, Up: Environments

center

 \begin{center}
 Text on line 1 \\
 Text on line 2 \\
 .
 .
 .
 \end{center}

The center environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are centred within the left and right margins on the current page.  Each line must be terminated with the string \\.

* Menu:

\centering	The declaration form of the center environment.


\centering
Node: \centering, Next: , Prev: , Up: center

\centering

This declaration corresponds to the center environment.  This declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a parbox.  The text of a figure or table can be centred on the page by putting a \centering command at the beginning of the figure or table environment.

Unlike the center environment, the \centering command does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units.  To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or \end command (of an environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit.


description
Node: description, Next: enumerate, Prev: center, Up: Environments

description

 \begin{description}
 \item [label] First item
 \item [label] Second item
 .
 .
 .
 \end{description}

The description environment is used to make labelled lists.  The label is bold face and flushed right.


enumerate
Node: enumerate, Next: eqnarray, Prev: description, Up: Environments

enumerate

 \begin{enumerate}
 \item First item
 \item Second item
 .
 .
 .
 \end{enumerate}

The enumerate environment produces a numbered list.  Enumerations can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep.  They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments.

Each item of an enumerated list begins with an \item command.  There must be at least one \item command within the environment.

The enumerate environment uses the enumi through enumiv counters (see Counters). The type of numbering can be changed by redefining \theenumi etc.


eqnarray
Node: eqnarray, Next: equation, Prev: enumerate, Up: Environments

eqnarray

 \begin{eqnarray}
 math formula 1 \\
 math formula 2 \\
 .
 .
 .
 \end{eqnarray}

The eqnarray environment is used to display a sequence of equations or inequalities.  It is very much like a three-column array environment, with consecutive rows separated by \\ and consecutive items within a row separated by an &.

An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a \nonumber command.

The command \lefteqn is used for splitting long formulas across lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of zero width.


equation
Node: equation, Next: figure, Prev: eqnarray, Up: Environments

equation

 \begin{equation}
  math formula
 \end{equation}

The equation environment centres your equation on the page and places the equation number in the right margin.


figure
Node: figure, Next: flushleft, Prev: equation, Up: Environments

figure

 \begin{figure}[placement]

  body of the figure

 \caption{figure title}
 \end{figure}

Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page.  Figures will not be split between two pages.

The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to place your figure.  There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a float:

1.	h (Here) - at the position in the text where the figure environment appears.

2.	t (Top) - at the top of a text page.

3.	b (Bottom) - at the bottom of a text page.

4.	p (Page of floats) - on a separate float page, which is a page containing no text, only floats.

The standard report and article classes use the default placement tbp.

The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc.  you wish.  The \caption command allows you to title your figure.


flushleft
Node: flushleft, Next: flushright, Prev: figure, Up: Environments

flushleft

 \begin{flushleft}
 Text on line 1 \\
 Text on line 2 \\
 .
 .
 .
 \end{flushleft}

The flushleft environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flushed left, to the left-hand margin.  Each line must be terminated with the string \\.

* Menu:

\raggedright	The declaration form of the flushleft environment.


\raggedright
Node: \raggedright, Next: , Prev: , Up: flushleft

\raggedright

This declaration corresponds to the flushleft environment.  This declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a parbox.

Unlike the flushleft environment, the \raggedright command does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units.  To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or \end command (of an environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit.


flushright
Node: flushright, Next: itemize, Prev: flushleft, Up: Environments

flushright

 \begin{flushright}
 Text on line 1 \\
 Text on line 2 \\
 .
 .
 .
 \end{flushright}

The flushright environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flushed right, to the right-hand margin.  Each line must be terminated with the string \\.

* Menu:

\raggedleft	The declaration form of the flushright environment.


\raggedleft
Node: \raggedleft, Next: , Prev: , Up: flushright

\raggedleft

This declaration corresponds to the flushright environment.  This declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a parbox.

Unlike the flushright environment, the \raggedleft command does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units.  To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or \end command (of an environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit.


itemize
Node: itemize, Next: letter, Prev: flushright, Up: Environments

itemize

 \begin{itemize}
 \item First item
 \item Second item
 .
 .
 .
 \end{itemize}

The itemize environment produces a "bulleted" list.  Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep.  They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments.

Each item of an itemized list begins with an \item command.  There must be at least one \item command within the environment.

The itemize environment uses the itemi through itemiv counters (see Counters). The type of numbering can be changed by redefining \theitemi etc.


letter
Node: letter, Next: list, Prev: itemize, Up: Environments

letter

This environment is used for creating letters. See Letters.


list
Node: list, Next: minipage, Prev: letter, Up: Environments

list

The list environment is a generic environment which is used for defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in documents, but often in macros.

 \begin{list}{label}{spacing}
 \item First item
 \item Second item
 .
 .
 .
 \end{list}

The {label} argument specifies how items should be labelled.  This argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the label.  This argument can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands.

The {spacing} argument contains commands to change the spacing parameters for the list.  This argument will most often be null, i.e., {}.  This will select all default spacing which should suffice for most cases.


minipage
Node: minipage, Next: picture, Prev: list, Up: Environments

minipage

 \begin{minipage}[position]{width}
  text
 \end{minipage}

The minipage environment is similar to a \parbox command.  It takes the same optional position argument and mandatory width argument.  You may use other paragraph-making environments inside a minipage.

Footnotes in a minipage environment are handled in a way that is particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables.  A \footnote or \footnotetext command puts the footnote at the bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses the mpfootnote counter instead of the ordinary footnote counter See Counters.

NOTE: Don't put one minipage inside another if you are using footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.


picture
Node: picture, Next: quotation, Prev: minipage, Up: Environments

picture

 \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
  .
  .
  picture commands
  .
  .
 \end{picture}

The picture environment allows you to create just about any kind of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles.  You tell LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying their coordinates.  A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point and a minus sign -- a number like 5, 2.3 or -3.1416.  A coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the unit length \unitlength, so if \unitlength has been set to 1cm, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54 centimetres.  You can change the value of \unitlength anywhere you want, using the \setlength command, but strange things will happen if you try changing it inside the picture environment.

A position is a pair of coordinates, such as (2.4,-5), specifying the point with x-coordinate 2.4 and y-coordinate -5.  Coordinates are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is normally at the lower-left corner of the picture.  Note that when a position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the parentheses serve to delimit the argument.

The picture environment has one mandatory argument, which is a position.  It specifies the size of the picture.  The environment produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this argument's x- and y-coordinates.

The picture environment also has an optional position argument, following the size argument, that can change the origin.  (Unlike ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not contained in square brackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of the point at the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin).  For example, if \unitlength has been set to 1mm, the command

   \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)

produces a picture of width 100 millimetres and height 200 millimetres, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220).  When you first draw a picture, you will omit the optional argument, leaving the origin at the lower-left corner.  If you then want to modify your picture by shifting everything, you just add the appropriate optional argument.

The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the picture.  This need bear no relation to how large the picture really is; LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or even off the page.  The picture's nominal size is used by LaTeX in determining how much room to leave for it.

Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the \put command. The command

   \put (11.3,-.3){...}

puts the object specified by ... in the picture, with its reference point at coordinates (11.3,-.3).  The reference points for various objects will be described below.

The \put command creates an "LR box".  You can put anything in the text argument of the \put command that you'd put into the argument of an \mbox and related commands.  When you do this, the reference point will be the lower left corner of the box.

Picture commands:

* Menu:

\circle	Draw a circle.

\dashbox	Draw a dashed box.

\frame	Draw a frame around an object.

\framebox (picture)	Draw a box with a frame around it.

\line	Draw a straight line.

\linethickness	Set the line thickness.

\makebox (picture)	Draw a box of the specified size.

\multiput	Draw multiple instances of an object.

\oval	Draw an ellipse.

\put	Place an object at a specified place.

\shortstack	Make a pile of objects.

\vector	Draw a line with an arrow.


\circle
Node: \circle, Next: \dashbox, Prev: , Up: picture

\circle

\circle[*]{diameter}

The \circle command produces a circle with a diameter as close to the specified one as possible.  If the *-form of the command is used, LaTeX draws a solid circle.

Note that only circles up to 40 pt can be drawn.


\dashbox
Node: \dashbox, Next: \frame, Prev: \circle, Up: picture

\dashbox

Draws a box with a dashed line.

\dashbox{dash_length}(width,height){...}

The \dashbox has an extra argument which specifies the width of each dash.  A dashed box looks best when the width and height are multiples of the dash_length.


\frame
Node: \frame, Next: \framebox (picture), Prev: \dashbox, Up: picture

\frame

\frame{...}

The \frame command puts a rectangular frame around the object specified in the argument.  The reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame.  No extra space is put between the frame and the object.


\framebox
Node: \framebox (picture), Next: \line, Prev: \frame, Up: picture

\framebox

\framebox(width,height)[position]{...}

The \framebox command is exactly the same as the \makebox command, except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates.

The framebox command produces a rule of thickness \fboxrule, and leaves a space \fboxsep between the rule and the contents of the box.


\line
Node: \line, Next: \linethickness, Prev: \framebox (picture), Up: picture

\line

\line(x slope,y slope){length}

The \line command draws a line of the specified length and slope.

Note that LaTeX can only draw lines with slope = x/y, where x and y have integer values from -6 through 6.


\linethickness
Node: \linethickness, Next: \makebox (picture), Prev: \line, Up: picture

\linethickness

\linethickness{dimension}

Declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment to be dimension, which must be a positive length. It does not affect the thickness of slanted lines and circles, or the quarter circles drawn by \oval to form the corners of an oval.


\makebox
Node: \makebox (picture), Next: \multiput, Prev: \linethickness, Up: picture

\makebox

\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}

The \makebox command for the picture environment is similar to the normal \makebox command except that you must specify a width and height in multiples of \unitlength.

The optional argument, [position], specifies the quadrant that your text appears in.  You may select up to two of the following:

•	t - Moves the item to the top of the rectangle

•	b - Moves the item to the bottom

•	l - Moves the item to the left

•	r - Moves the item to the right

See \makebox.


\multiput
Node: \multiput, Next: \oval, Prev: \makebox (picture), Up: picture

\multiput

\multiput(x coord,y coord)(delta x,delta y){number of copies}{object}

The \multiput command can be used when you are putting the same object in a regular pattern across a picture.


\oval
Node: \oval, Next: \put, Prev: \multiput, Up: picture

\oval

\oval(width,height)[portion]

The \oval command produces a rectangle with rounded corners.  The optional argument, [portion], allows you to select part of the oval.

•	t - Selects the top portion

•	b - Selects the bottom portion

•	r - Selects the right portion

•	l - Selects the left portion

Note that the "corners" of the oval are made with quarter circles with a maximum radius of 20 pt, so large "ovals" will look more like boxes with rounded corners.


\put
Node: \put, Next: \shortstack, Prev: \oval, Up: picture

\put

\put(x coord,y coord){ ...  }

The \put command places the item specified by the mandatory argument at the given coordinates.


\shortstack
Node: \shortstack, Next: \vector, Prev: \put, Up: picture

\shortstack

\shortstack[position]{...  \\ ...  \\ ...}

The \shortstack command produces a stack of objects.  The valid positions are:

•	r - Moves the objects to the right of the stack

•	l - Moves the objects to the left of the stack

•	c - Moves the objects to the centre of the stack (default)


\vector
Node: \vector, Next: , Prev: \shortstack, Up: picture

\vector

\vector(x slope,y slope){length}

The \vector command draws a line with an arrow of the specified length and slope.  The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4, inclusive.


quotation
Node: quotation, Next: quote, Prev: picture, Up: Environments

quotation

 \begin{quotation}
  text
 \end{quotation}

The margins of the quotation environment are indented on the left and the right.  The text is justified at both margins and there is paragraph indentation.  Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph.


quote
Node: quote, Next: tabbing, Prev: quotation, Up: Environments

quote

 \begin{quote}
  text
 \end{quote}

The margins of the quote environment are indented on the left and the right.  The text is justified at both margins.  Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph.


tabbing
Node: tabbing, Next: table, Prev: quote, Up: Environments

tabbing

 \begin{tabbing}
 text \= more text \= still more text \= last text \\
 second row \>  \> more \\
 .
 .
 .
 \end{tabbing}

The tabbing environment provides a way to align text in columns.  It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much the way you do with an ordinary typewriter.

It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is constant and known in advance.

This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the tabular environment.

The following commands can be used inside a tabbing enviroment:

\=

Sets a tab stop at the current position.

\>

Advances to the next tab stop.

\<

This command allows you to put something to the left of the local margin without changing the margin.  Can only be used at the start of the line.

\+

Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the right.

\-

Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the left.

\'

Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, i.e. everything from the most recent \>, \<, \', \\, or \kill command, to the right of the previous column, flush against the current column's tab stop.

\`

Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab stop 0.  However, it can't move text to the right of the last column because there's no tab stop there.  The \` command moves all the text that follows it, up to the \\ or \end{tabbing} command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing environment.  There must be no \> or \' command between the \` and the command that ends the line.

\kill

Sets tab stops without producing text.  Works just like  \\ except that it throws away the current line instead of producing output for it.  The effect of any \=, \+ or \- commands in that line remain in effect.

\pushtabs

Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing tab stop positions in the middle of a tabbing environment.

\pushtabs

Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last \pushtabs.

\a

In a tabbing environment, the commands \=, \' and \` do not produce accents as normal. Instead, the commands \a=, \a' and \a` are used.

This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format:

        \begin{tabbing}
        function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
                 \> begin \= \+ \\
                       \> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\
                                fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\
                          else \+ \\
                                fact := 1; \-\- \\
                    end;\\
        \end{tabbing}


table
Node: table, Next: tabular, Prev: tabbing, Up: Environments

table

 \begin{table}[placement]

  body of the table

 \caption{table title}
 \end{table}

Tables  are objects  that  are not part  of the normal  text,  and are usually  "floated"  to a convenient  place,  like  the top  of a page.  Tables will not be split between two pages.

The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to place your table.  There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a float:

•	h : Here - at the position in the text where the table environment appears.

•	t : Top - at the top of a text page.

•	b : Bottom - at the bottom of a text page.

•	p : Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page containing no text, only floats.

The standard report and article classes use the default placement [tbp].

The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc., you wish.  The \caption command allows you to title your table.


tabular
Node: tabular, Next: thebibliography, Prev: table, Up: Environments

tabular

 \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
 column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
 .
 .
 .
 \end{tabular}

or

 \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}
 column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
 .
 .
 .
 \end{tabular*}

These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of items, aligned vertically in columns.  The mandatory and optional arguments consist of:

width

Specifies the width of the tabular* environment.  There must be rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the specified width.

pos

Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the centre of the environment.

•	t - align on top row

•	b - align on bottom row

cols

Specifies the column formatting.  It consists of a sequence of the following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and intercolumn material.

•	l - A column of left-aligned items.

•	r - A column of right-aligned items.

•	c - A column of centred items.

•	| - A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment.

•	@{text} - This inserts text in every row.  An @-expression suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any desired space between the inserted text and the adjacent items must be included in text.  An \extracolsep{wd} command in an @-expression causes an extra space of width wd to appear to the left of all subsequent columns, until countermanded by another \extracolsep command.  Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not suppressed by an @-expression.  An \extracolsep command can be used only in an @-expression in the cols argument.

•	p{wd} - Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width wd, as if it were the argument of a \parbox[t]{wd} command.  However, a \\ may not appear in the item, except in the following situations:

1.	inside an environment like minipage, array, or tabular.

2.	inside an explicit \parbox.

3.	in the scope of a \centering, \raggedright, or \raggedleft declaration.  The latter declarations must appear inside braces or an environment when used in a p-column element.

•	*{num}{cols} - Equivalent to num copies of cols, where num is any positive integer and cols is any list of column-specifiers, which may contain another *-expression.

These commands can be used inside a tabular environment:

* Menu:

\cline	Draw a horizontal line spanning some columns.

\hline	Draw a horizontal line spanning all columns.

\multicolumn	Make an item spanning several columns.

\vline	Draw a vertical line.


\cline
Node: \cline, Next: \hline, Prev: , Up: tabular

\cline

\cline{i-j}

The \cline command draws horizontal lines across the columns specified, beginning in column i and ending in column j, which are identified in the mandatory argument.


\hline
Node: \hline, Next: \multicolumn, Prev: \cline, Up: tabular

\hline

The \hline command will draw a horizontal line the width of the table.  It's most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and between the rows of the table.


\multicolumn
Node: \multicolumn, Next: \vline, Prev: \hline, Up: tabular

\multicolumn

\multicolumn{cols}{pos}{text}

The \multicolumn is used to make an entry that spans several columns.  The first mandatory argument, cols, specifies the number of columns to span.  The second mandatory argument, pos, specifies the formatting of the entry; c for centred, l for flushleft, r for flushright.  The third mandatory argument, text, specifies what text is to make up the entry.


\vline
Node: \vline, Next: , Prev: \multicolumn, Up: tabular

\vline

The \vline command will draw a vertical line extending the full height and depth of its row.  An \hfill command can be used to move the line to the edge of the column.  It can also be used in an @-expression.


thebibliography
Node: thebibliography, Next: theorem, Prev: tabular, Up: Environments

thebibliography

 \begin{thebibliography}{widest-label}
 \bibitem[label]{cite_key}
 .
 .
 .
 \end{thebibliography}

The thebibliography environment produces a bibliography or reference list.  In the article class, this reference list is labelled "References"; in the report class, it is labelled "Bibliography".

•	widest-label: Text that, when printed, is approximately as wide as the widest item label produces by the \bibitem commands.

* Menu:

\bibitem	Specify a bibliography item.

\cite	Refer to a bibliography item.

\nocite	Include an item in the bibliography.

Using BibTeX	Automatic generation of bibliographies.


\bibitem
Node: \bibitem, Next: \cite, Prev: , Up: thebibliography

\bibitem

\bibitem[label]{cite_key}

The \bibitem command generates an entry labelled by label.  If the label argument is missing, a number is generated as the label, using the enumi counter.  The cite_key is any sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols not containing a comma.  This command writes an entry on the .aux file containing cite_key and the item's label.  When this .aux file is read by the \begin{document} command, the item's label is associated with cite_key, causing the reference to cite_key by a \cite command to produce the associated label.


\cite
Node: \cite, Next: \nocite, Prev: \bibitem, Up: thebibliography

\cite

\cite[text]{key_list}

The key_list argument is a list of citation keys.  This command generates an in-text citation to the references associated with the keys in key_list by entries on the .aux file read by the \begin{document} command.

The optional text argument will appear after the citation, i.e. \cite[p. 2]{knuth} might produce `[Knuth, p. 2]'.


\nocite
Node: \nocite, Next: Using BibTeX, Prev: \cite, Up: thebibliography

\nocite

\nocite{key_list}

The \nocite command produces no text, but writes key_list, which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the .aux file.


Using BibTeX
Node: Using BibTeX, Next: , Prev: \nocite, Up: thebibliography

Using BibTeX

If you use the BibTeX program by Oren Patashnik (highly recommended if you need a bibliography of more than a couple of titles) to maintain your bibliography, you don't use the thebibliography environment. Instead, you include the lines

        \bibliographystyle{style}
        \bibliography{bibfile}

where style refers to a file style.bst, which defines how your citations will look. The standard styles distributed with BibTeX are:

alpha

Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and year of publication.

plain

Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric.

unsrt

Like plain, but entries are in order of citation.

abbrv

Like plain, but more compact labels.

In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to the demands of various publications.

The argument to \bibliography refers to the file bibfile.bib, which should contain your database in BibTeX format. Only the entries referred to via \cite and \nocite will be listed in the bibliography.


theorem
Node: theorem, Next: titlepage, Prev: thebibliography, Up: Environments

theorem

 \begin{theorem}
  theorem text
 \end{theorem}

The theorem environment produces "Theorem x" in boldface followed by your theorem text.


titlepage
Node: titlepage, Next: verbatim, Prev: theorem, Up: Environments

titlepage

 \begin{titlepage}
  text
 \end{titlepage}

The titlepage environment creates a title page, i.e.  a page with no printed page number or heading.  It also causes the following page to be numbered page one.  Formatting the title page is left to you.  The \today command comes in handy for title pages.  Note that you can use the \maketitle (see \maketitle) command to produce a standard title page.


verbatim
Node: verbatim, Next: verse, Prev: titlepage, Up: Environments

verbatim

 \begin{verbatim}
  text
 \end{verbatim}

The verbatim environment is a paragraph-making environment that gets LaTeX to print exactly what you type in.  It turns LaTeX into a typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same effect that they would on a typewriter.

* Menu:

\verb	The macro form of the verbatim environment.


\verb
Node: \verb, Next: , Prev: , Up: verbatim

\verb

\verb char literal_text char

\verb*char literal_text char

Typesets literal_text exactly as typed, including special characters and spaces, using a typewriter (\tt) type style.  There may be no space between \verb or \verb* and char (space is shown here only for clarity).  The *-form differs only in that spaces are printed as a special character.


verse
Node: verse, Next: , Prev: verbatim, Up: Environments

verse

 \begin{verse}
  text
 \end{verse}

The verse environment is designed for poetry, though you may find other uses for it.

The margins are indented on the left and the right. Separate the lines of each stanza with \\, and use one or more blank lines to separate the stanzas.


Footnotes
Node: Footnotes, Next: Layout, Prev: Environments, Up: Commands

Footnotes

Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways.  They can be produced with one command, the \footnote command.  They can also be produced with two commands, the \footnotemark and the \footnotetext commands.  See the specific command for information on why you would use one over the other.

* Menu:

\footnote	Insert a footnote.

\footnotemark	Insert footnote mark only.

\footnotetext	Insert footnote text only.


\footnote
Node: \footnote, Next: \footnotemark, Prev: Footnotes, Up: Footnotes

\footnote

\footnote[number]{text}

The \footnote command places the numbered footnote text at the bottom of the current page.  The optional argument, number, is used to change the default footnote number.  This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you cannot use it in sectioning commands like \chapter, in figures, tables or in a tabular environment.


\footnotemark
Node: \footnotemark, Next: \footnotetext, Prev: \footnote, Up: Footnotes

\footnotemark

The \footnotemark command puts the footnote number in the text.  This command can be used in inner paragraph mode.  The text of the footnote is supplied by the \footnotetext command.

This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote markers referring to the same footnote by using

\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]

after the first \footnote command.


\footnotetext
Node: \footnotetext, Next: , Prev: \footnotemark, Up: Footnotes

\footnotetext

\footnotetext[number]{text}

The \footnotetext command produces the text to be placed at the bottom of the page.  This command can come anywhere after the \footnotemark command.  The \footnotetext command must appear in outer paragraph mode.

The optional argument, number, is used to change the default footnote number.


Lengths
Node: Lengths, Next: Letters, Prev: Layout, Up: Commands

Lengths

A length is a measure of distance.  Many LaTeX commands take a length as an argument.

* Menu:

\newlength	Define a new length.

\setlength	Set the value of a length.

\addtolength	Add a quantity to a length.

\settodepth	Set a length to the depth of something.

\settoheight	Set a length to the height of something.

\settowidth	Set a length to the width of something.

Predefined lengths	Lengths that are, like, predefined.


\newlength
Node: \newlength, Next: \setlength, Prev: Lengths, Up: Lengths

\newlength

\newlength{\gnat}

The \newlength command defines the mandatory argument, \gnat, as a length command with a value of 0in.  An error occurs if a \gnat command already exists.


\setlength
Node: \setlength, Next: \addtolength, Prev: \newlength, Up: Lengths

\setlength

\setlength{\gnat}{length}

The \setlength command is used to set the value of a length command.  The length argument can be expressed in any terms of length LaTeX understands, i.e., inches (in), millimetres (mm), points (pt), etc.


\addtolength
Node: \addtolength, Next: \settodepth, Prev: \setlength, Up: Lengths

\addtolength

\addtolength{\gnat}{length}

The \addtolength command increments a "length command" by the amount specified in the length argument.  It can be a negative amount.


\settodepth
Node: \settodepth, Next: \settoheight, Prev: \addtolength, Up: Lengths

\settodepth

\settodepth{\gnat}{text}

The \settodepth command sets the value of a length command equal to the depth of the text argument.


\settoheight
Node: \settoheight, Next: \settowidth, Prev: \settodepth, Up: Lengths

\settoheight

\settoheight{\gnat}{text}

The \settoheight command sets the value of a length command equal to the height of the text argument.


\settowidth
Node: \settowidth, Next: Predefined lengths, Prev: \settoheight, Up: Lengths

\settowidth

\settowidth{\gnat}{text}

The \settowidth command sets the value of a length command equal to the width of the text argument.


Predefined lengths
Node: Predefined lengths, Next: , Prev: \settowidth, Up: Lengths

Predefined lengths

\width \height \depth \totalheight These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making commands See Spaces & Boxes. They specify the natural width etc. of the text in the box. \totalheight equals \height + \depth. To make a box with the text stretched to double the natural size, e.g., say

\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}


Letters
Node: Letters, Next: Line & Page Breaking, Prev: Lengths, Up: Commands

Letters

You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business.  The letter document class is designed to make a number of letters at once, although you can make just one if you so desire.

Your .tex source file has the same minimum commands as the other document classes, i.e., you must have the following commands as a minimum:

 \documentclass{letter}
 \begin{document}
  ... letters ...
 \end{document}

Each letter is a letter environment, whose argument is the name and address of the recipient.  For example, you might have:

 \begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St.
      \\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA}
   ...
 \end{letter}

The letter itself begins with the \opening command.  The text of the letter follows.  It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input.  Commands that make no sense in a letter, like \chapter, do not work.  The letter closes with a \closing command.

After the closing, you can have additional material.  The \cc command produces the usual "cc: ...".  There's also a similar \encl command for a list of enclosures. With both these commands, use \\ to separate the items.

These commands are used with the letter class:

* Menu:

\address	Your return address.

\cc	Cc list.

\closing	Saying goodbye.

\encl	List of enclosed material.

\location	Your organisation's address.

\makelabels	Making address labels.

\name	Your name, for the return address.

\opening	Saying hello.

\ps	Adding a postscript.

\signature	Your signature.

\startbreaks	Allow page breaks.

\stopbreaks	Disallow page breaks.

\telephone	Your phone number.


\address
Node: \address, Next: \cc, Prev: Letters, Up: Letters

\address

\address{Return address}

The return address, as it should appear on the letter and the envelope.  Separate lines of the address should be separated by \\ commands.  If you do not make an \address declaration, then the letter will be formatted for copying onto your organisation's standard letterhead.  (See Overview, for details on your local implementation).  If you give an \address declaration, then the letter will be formatted as a personal letter.


\cc
Node: \cc, Next: \closing, Prev: \address, Up: Letters

\cc

\cc{Kate Schechter\\Rob McKenna}

Generate a list of other persons the letter was sent to. Each name is printed on a separate line.


\closing
Node: \closing, Next: \encl, Prev: \cc, Up: Letters

\closing

\closing{text}

The letter closes with a \closing command, i.e.,

 \closing{Best Regards,}


\encl
Node: \encl, Next: \location, Prev: \closing, Up: Letters

\encl

\encl{CV\\Certificates}

Generate a list of enclosed material.


\location
Node: \location, Next: \makelabels, Prev: \encl, Up: Letters

\location

\location{address}

This modifies your organisation's standard address.  This only appears if the firstpage pagestyle is selected.


\makelabels
Node: \makelabels, Next: \name, Prev: \location, Up: Letters

\makelabels

\makelabels{number}

If you issue this command in the preamble, LaTeX will create a sheet of address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters.


\name
Node: \name, Next: \opening, Prev: \makelabels, Up: Letters

\name

\name{June Davenport}

Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return address.


\opening
Node: \opening, Next: \ps, Prev: \name, Up: Letters

\opening

\opening{text}

The letter begins with the \opening command.  The mandatory argument, text, is whatever text you wish to start your letter, i.e.,

 \opening{Dear Joe,}


\ps
Node: \ps, Next: \signature, Prev: \opening, Up: Letters

\ps

\ps

Use this command before a postscript.


\signature
Node: \signature, Next: \startbreaks, Prev: \ps, Up: Letters

\signature

\signature{Harvey Swick}

Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the space for your signature.  Items that should go on separate lines should be separated by \\ commands.


\startbreaks
Node: \startbreaks, Next: \stopbreaks, Prev: \signature, Up: Letters

\startbreaks

\startbreaks

Used after a \stopbreaks command to allow page breaks again.


\stopbreaks
Node: \stopbreaks, Next: \telephone, Prev: \startbreaks, Up: Letters

\stopbreaks

\stopbreaks

Inhibit page breaks until a \startbreaks command occurs.


\telephone
Node: \telephone, Next: , Prev: \stopbreaks, Up: Letters

\telephone

\telephone{number}

This is your telephone number.  This only appears if the firstpage pagestyle is selected.


Line & Page Breaking
Node: Line & Page Breaking, Next: Making Paragraphs, Prev: Letters, Up: Commands

Line & Page Breaking

The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to translate your input file into a string of glyphs and spaces.  To produce a printed document, this string must be broken into lines, and these lines must be broken into pages.  In some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the \\ command, but LaTeX usually does it for you.

* Menu:

\\	Start a new line.

\- (hyphenation)	Insert explicit hyphenation.

\cleardoublepage	Start a new right-hand page.

\clearpage	Start a new page.

\enlargethispage	Enlarge the current page a bit.

\fussy	Be fussy about line breaking.

\hyphenation	Tell LaTeX how to hyphenate a word.

\linebreak	Break the line.

\newline	Break the line prematurely.

\newpage	Start a new page.

\nolinebreak	Don't break the current line.

\nopagebreak	Don't make a page break here.

\pagebreak	Please make a page break here.

\sloppy	Be sloppy about line breaking.


\\
Node: \\, Next: \- (hyphenation), Prev: Line & Page Breaking, Up: Line & Page Breaking

\\

\\[*][extra-space]

The \\ command tells LaTeX to start a new line.  It has an optional argument, extra-space, that specifies how much extra vertical space is to be inserted before the next line.  This can be a negative amount.

The \\* command is the same as the ordinary \\ command except that it tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line.


\-
Node: \- (hyphenation), Next: \cleardoublepage, Prev: \\, Up: Line & Page Breaking

\-

The \- command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that point.  LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find all correct hyphenation points.  The \- command is used for the exceptional cases.

Note that when you insert \- commands in a word, the word will only be hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points that LaTeX might otherwise have chosen.


\cleardoublepage
Node: \cleardoublepage, Next: \clearpage, Prev: \- (hyphenation), Up: Line & Page Breaking

\cleardoublepage

The \cleardoublepage command ends the current page and causes all figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.  In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand (odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary.


\clearpage
Node: \clearpage, Next: \enlargethispage, Prev: \cleardoublepage, Up: Line & Page Breaking

\clearpage

The \clearpage command ends the current page and causes all figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.


\enlargethispage
Node: \enlargethispage, Next: \fussy, Prev: \clearpage, Up: Line & Page Breaking

\enlargethispage

\enlargethispage{size}

\enlargethispage*{size}

Enlarge the \textheight for the current page by the specified amount; e.g. \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} will allow one additional line.

The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page as much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit \pagebreak.


\fussy
Node: \fussy, Next: \hyphenation, Prev: \enlargethispage, Up: Line & Page Breaking

\fussy

\fussy

This declaration (which is the default) makes TeX more fussy about line breaking. This can avoids too much space between words, but may produce overfull boxes.

This command cancels the effect of a previous  \sloppy command. \sloppy


\hyphenation
Node: \hyphenation, Next: \linebreak, Prev: \fussy, Up: Line & Page Breaking

\hyphenation

\hyphenation{words}

The \hyphenation command declares allowed hyphenation points, where words is a list of words, separated by spaces, in which each hyphenation point is indicated by a - character.


\linebreak
Node: \linebreak, Next: \newline, Prev: \hyphenation, Up: Line & Page Breaking

\linebreak

\linebreak[number]

The \linebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current line at the point of the command.  With the optional argument, number, you can convert the \linebreak command from a demand to a request.  The number must be a number from 0 to 4.  The higher the number, the more insistent the request is.

The \linebreak command causes LaTeX to stretch the line so it extends to the right margin.


\newline
Node: \newline, Next: \newpage, Prev: \linebreak, Up: Line & Page Breaking

\newline

The \newline command breaks the line right where it is. It can only be used in paragraph mode.


\newpage
Node: \newpage, Next: \nolinebreak, Prev: \newline, Up: Line & Page Breaking

\newpage

The \newpage command ends the current page.


\nolinebreak
Node: \nolinebreak, Next: \nopagebreak, Prev: \newpage, Up: Line & Page Breaking

\nolinebreak

\nolinebreak[number]

The \nolinebreak command prevents LaTeX from breaking the current line at the point of the command.  With the optional argument, number, you can convert the \nolinebreak command from a demand to a request.  The number must be a number from 0 to 4.  The higher the number, the more insistent the request is.


\nopagebreak
Node: \nopagebreak, Next: \pagebreak, Prev: \nolinebreak, Up: Line & Page Breaking

\nopagebreak

\nopagebreak[number]

The \nopagebreak command prevents LaTeX from breaking the current page at the point of the command.  With the optional argument, number, you can convert the \nopagebreak command from a demand to a request.  The number must be a number from 0 to 4.  The higher the number, the more insistent the request is.


\pagebreak
Node: \pagebreak, Next: \sloppy, Prev: \nopagebreak, Up: Line & Page Breaking

\pagebreak

\pagebreak[number]

The \pagebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current page at the point of the command.  With the optional argument, number, you can convert the \pagebreak command from a demand to a request.  The number must be a number from 0 to 4.  The higher the number, the more insistent the request is.


\sloppy
Node: \sloppy, Next: , Prev: \pagebreak, Up: Line & Page Breaking

\sloppy

\sloppy

This declaration makes TeX less fussy about line breaking. This can prevent overfull boxes, but may leave too much space between words.

Lasts until a \fussy command is issued. \fussy.


Making Paragraphs
Node: Making Paragraphs, Next: Margin Notes, Prev: Line & Page Breaking, Up: Commands

Making Paragraphs

A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines -- lines not containing even a %.  A blank line should not appear where a new paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of a sectioning command.

* Menu:

\indent	Indent this paragraph.

\noindent	Do not indent this paragraph.

\par	Another way of writing a blank line.


\indent
Node: \indent, Next: \noindent, Prev: Making Paragraphs, Up: Making Paragraphs

\indent

\indent

This produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of the paragraph indentation.  It is used to add paragraph indentation where it would otherwise be suppressed.


\noindent
Node: \noindent, Next: \par, Prev: \indent, Up: Making Paragraphs

\noindent

\noindent

When used at the beginning of the paragraph, it suppresses the paragraph indentation.  It has no effect when used in the middle of a paragraph.


\par
Node: \par, Next: , Prev: \noindent, Up: Making Paragraphs

\par

Equivalent to a blank line; often used to make command or environment definitions easier to read.


Margin Notes
Node: Margin Notes, Next: Math Formulae, Prev: Making Paragraphs, Up: Commands

Margin Notes

The command \marginpar[left]{right} creates a note in the margin.  The first line will be at the same height as the line in the text where the \marginpar occurs.

When you only specify the mandatory argument right, the text will be placed

•	in the right margin for one-sided layout

•	in the outside margin for two-sided layout

•	in the nearest margin for two-column layout.

By issuing the command \reversemarginpar, you can force the marginal notes to go into the opposite (inside) margin.

When you specify both arguments, left is used for the left margin, and right is used for the right margin.

The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable hyphenation by prefixing the first word with a \hspace{0pt} command.


Math Formulae
Node: Math Formulae, Next: Modes, Prev: Margin Notes, Up: Commands

Math Formulae

There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode:

math

For Formulae that appear right in the text.

displaymath

For Formulae that appear on their own line.

equation

The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation number in the right margin.

The math environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but the displaymath and equation environments can be used only in paragraph mode.  The math and displaymath environments are used so often that they have the following short forms:

    \(...\)     instead of     \begin{math}...\end{math}

    \[...\]     instead of     \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}

In fact, the math environment is so common that it has an even shorter form:

    $ ... $     instead of     \(...\)

* Menu:

Subscripts & Superscripts	Also known as exponent or index.

Math Symbols	Various mathematical squiggles.

Spacing in Math Mode	Thick, medium, thin and negative spaces.

Math Miscellany	Stuff that doesn't fit anywhere else.


Subscripts & Superscripts
Node: Subscripts & Superscripts, Next: Math Symbols, Prev: Math Formulae, Up: Math Formulae

Subscripts & Superscripts

To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type _{exp}.  To get exp to appear as a superscript, you type ^{exp}. LaTeX handles superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the natural way.  It even does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a superscript.


Math Symbols
Node: Math Symbols, Next: Spacing in Math Mode, Prev: Subscripts & Superscripts, Up: Math Formulae

Math Symbols

LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need. The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode.  For example, if you include $\pi$ in your source, you will get the symbol "pi" in your output.


Spacing in Math Mode
Node: Spacing in Math Mode, Next: Math Miscellany, Prev: Math Symbols, Up: Math Formulae

Spacing in Math Mode

In a math environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts in the spacing that it thinks is best.  LaTeX formats mathematics the way it's done in mathematics texts.  If you want different spacing, LaTeX provides the following four commands for use in math mode:

1.	\; - a thick space

2.	\: - a medium space

3.	\, - a thin space

4.	\! - a negative thin space


Math Miscellany
Node: Math Miscellany, Next: , Prev: Spacing in Math Mode, Up: Math Formulae

Math Miscellany

\cdots

Produces a horizontal ellipsis where the dots are raised to the centre of the line.

\ddots

Produces a diagonal ellipsis.

\frac{num}{den}

Produces the fraction num divided by den.

\ldots

Produces an ellipsis.  This command works in any mode, not just math mode.

\overbrace{text}

Generates a brace over text.

\overline{text}

Causes the argument text to be overlined.

\sqrt[root]{arg}

Produces the square root of its argument.  The optional argument, root, determines what root to produce, i.e., the cube root of x+y would be typed as $\sqrt[3]{x+y}$.

\underbrace{text}

Generates text with a brace underneath.

\underline{text}

Causes the argument text to be underlined.  This command can also be used in paragraph and LR modes.

\vdots

Produces a vertical ellipsis.


Modes
Node: Modes, Next: Page Styles, Prev: Math Formulae, Up: Commands

Modes

When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three modes:

•	Paragraph mode

•	Math mode

•	Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short

LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes.  Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands.

"Paragraph mode" is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in when processing ordinary text.  In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text into lines and breaks the lines into pages.  LaTeX is in "math mode" when it's generating a mathematical formula.  In "LR mode", as in paragraph mode, LaTeX considers the output that it produces to be a string of words with spaces between them.  However, unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX keeps going from left to right; it never starts a new line in LR mode.  Even if you put a hundred words into an \mbox, LaTeX would keep typesetting them from left to right inside a single box, and then complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line.

LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an \mbox command.  You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box.  There are also several text-producing commands and environments for making a box that put LaTeX in paragraph mode.  The box make by one of these commands or environments will be called a parbox.  When LaTeX is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in "inner paragraph mode".  Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out in, is called "outer paragraph mode".


Page Styles
Node: Page Styles, Next: Sectioning, Prev: Modes, Up: Commands

Page Styles

The \documentclass command determines the size and position of the page's head and foot.  The page style determines what goes in them.

* Menu:

\maketitle	Generate a title page.

\pagenumbering	Set the style used for page numbers.

\pagestyle	Change the headings/footings style.

\thispagestyle	Change the headings/footings style for this page.


\maketitle
Node: \maketitle, Next: \pagenumbering, Prev: Page Styles, Up: Page Styles

\maketitle

\maketitle

The \maketitle command generates a title on a separate title page - except in the article class, where the title normally goes at the top of the first page.  Information used to produce the title is obtained from the following declarations:

See Page Styles for the commands to give the information.

* Menu:

\author	Who wrote this stuff?

\date	The date the document was created.

\thanks	A special form of footnote.

\title	How to set the document title.


\author
Node: \author, Next: \date, Prev: \maketitle, Up: \maketitle

\author

\author{names}

The \author command declares the author(s), where names is a list of authors separated by \and commands.  Use \\ to separate lines within a single author's entry - for example, to give the author's institution or address.


\date
Node: \date, Next: \thanks, Prev: \author, Up: \maketitle

\date

\date{text}

The \date command declares text to be the document's date.  With no \date command, the current date is used.


\thanks
Node: \thanks, Next: \title, Prev: \date, Up: \maketitle

\thanks

\thanks{text}

The \thanks command produces a \footnote to the title.


\title
Node: \title, Next: , Prev: \thanks, Up: \maketitle

\title

\title{text}

The \title command declares text to be the title.  Use \\ to tell LaTeX where to start a new line in a long title.


\pagenumbering
Node: \pagenumbering, Next: \pagestyle, Prev: \maketitle, Up: Page Styles

\pagenumbering

\pagenumbering{num_style}

Specifies the style of page numbers.  Possible values of num_style are:

•	arabic - Arabic numerals

•	roman - Lowercase Roman numerals

•	Roman - Uppercase Roman numerals

•	alph - Lowercase letters

•	Alph - Uppercase letters


\pagestyle
Node: \pagestyle, Next: \thispagestyle, Prev: \pagenumbering, Up: Page Styles

\pagestyle

\pagestyle{option}

The \pagestyle command changes the style from the current page on throughout the remainder of your document.

The valid options are:

•	plain - Just a plain page number.

•	empty - Produces empty heads and feet - no page numbers.

•	headings - Puts running headings on each page.  The document style specifies what goes in the headings.

•	myheadings - You specify what is to go in the heading with the \markboth or the \markright commands.

* Menu:

\markboth	Set left and right headings.

\markright	Set right heading only.


\markboth
Node: \markboth, Next: \markright, Prev: \pagestyle, Up: \pagestyle

\markboth

\markboth{left head}{right head}

The \markboth command is used in conjunction with the page style myheadings for setting both the left and the right heading.  You should note that a "left-hand heading" is generated by the last \markboth command before the end of the page, while a "right-hand heading" is generated by the first \markboth or \markright that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before the page.


\markright
Node: \markright, Next: , Prev: \markboth, Up: \pagestyle

\markright

\markright{right head}

The \markright command is used in conjunction with the page style myheadings for setting the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged.  You should note that a "left-hand heading" is generated by the last \markboth command before the end of the page, while a "right-hand heading" is generated by the first \markboth or \markright that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before the page.


\thispagestyle
Node: \thispagestyle, Next: , Prev: \pagestyle, Up: Page Styles

\thispagestyle

\thispagestyle{option}

The \thispagestyle command works in the same manner as the \pagestyle command except that it changes the style for the current page only.


Sectioning
Node: Sectioning, Next: Spaces & Boxes, Prev: Page Styles, Up: Commands

Sectioning

Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units.

•	\part

•	\chapter (report and book class only)

•	\section

•	\subsection

•	\subsubsection

•	\paragraph

•	\subparagraph

All sectioning commands take the same general form, i.e.,

\chapter[optional]{title}

In addition to providing the heading in the text, the mandatory argument of the sectioning command can appear in two other places:

1.	The table of contents

2.	The running head at the top of the page

You may not want the same thing to appear in these other two places as appears in the text heading.  To handle this situation, the sectioning commands have an optional argument that provides the text for these other two purposes.

All sectioning commands have *-forms that print a title, but do not include a number and do not make an entry in the table of contents.

\appendix

The \appendix command changes the way sectional units are numbered.  The \appendix command generates no text and does not affect the numbering of parts.  The normal use of this command is something like

\chapter{The First Chapter}
...
\appendix
\chapter{The First Appendix}


Spaces & Boxes
Node: Spaces & Boxes, Next: Special Characters, Prev: Sectioning, Up: Commands

Spaces & Boxes

All the predefined length parameters See Predefined lengths can be used in the arguments of the box-making commands.

* Menu:
 Horizontal space

\dotfill	Stretchable horizontal dots.

\hfill	Stretchable horizontal space.

\hrulefill	Stretchable horizontal rule.

\hspace	Fixed horizontal space. Vertical space

\addvspace	Fixed vertical space.

\bigskip	Fixed vertical space.

\medskip	Fixed vertical space.

\smallskip	Fixed vertical space.

\vfill	Stretchable vertical space.

\vspace	Fixed vertical space. Boxes

\fbox	Framebox.

\framebox	Framebox, adjustable position.

lrbox	An environment like \sbox.

\makebox	Box, adjustable position.

\mbox	Box.

\newsavebox	Declare a name for saving a box.

\parbox	Box with text in paragraph mode.

\raisebox	Raise or lower text.

\rule	Lines and squares.

\savebox	Like \makebox, but save the text for later use.

\sbox	Like \mbox, but save the text for later use.

\usebox	Print saved text.


\dotfill
Node: \dotfill, Next: \hfill, Prev: , Up: Spaces & Boxes

\dotfill

The \dotfill command produces a "rubber length" that produces dots instead of just spaces.


\hfill
Node: \hfill, Next: \hrulefill, Prev: \dotfill, Up: Spaces & Boxes

\hfill

The \hfill fill command produces a "rubber length" which can stretch or shrink horizontally.  It will be filled with spaces.


\hrulefill
Node: \hrulefill, Next: \hspace, Prev: \hfill, Up: Spaces & Boxes

\hrulefill

The \hrulefill fill command produces a "rubber length" which can stretch or shrink horizontally.  It will be filled with a horizontal rule.


\hspace
Node: \hspace, Next: \addvspace, Prev: \hrulefill, Up: Spaces & Boxes

\hspace

\hspace[*]{length}

The \hspace command adds horizontal space.  The length of the space can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, i.e., points, inches, etc.  You can add negative as well as positive space with an \hspace command.  Adding negative space is like backspacing.

LaTeX removes horizontal space that comes at the end of a line.  If you don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional * argument.  Then the space is never removed.


\addvspace
Node: \addvspace, Next: \bigskip, Prev: \hspace, Up: Spaces & Boxes

\addvspace

\addvspace{length}

The \addvspace command normally adds a vertical space of height length.  However, if vertical space has already been added to the same point in the output by a previous \addvspace command, then this command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length of the total vertical space equal to length.


\bigskip
Node: \bigskip, Next: \medskip, Prev: \addvspace, Up: Spaces & Boxes

\bigskip

The \bigskip command is equivalent to \vspace{bigskipamount} where bigskipamount is determined by the document class.


\medskip
Node: \medskip, Next: \smallskip, Prev: \bigskip, Up: Spaces & Boxes

\medskip

The \medskip command is equivalent to \vspace{medskipamount} where medskipamount is determined by the document class.


\smallskip
Node: \smallskip, Next: \vfill, Prev: \medskip, Up: Spaces & Boxes

\smallskip

\smallskip

The \smallskip command is equivalent to \vspace{smallskipamount} where smallskipamount is determined by the document class.


\vfill
Node: \vfill, Next: \vspace, Prev: \smallskip, Up: Spaces & Boxes

\vfill

The \vfill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or shrink vertically.


\vspace
Node: \vspace, Next: \fbox, Prev: \vfill, Up: Spaces & Boxes

\vspace

\vspace[*]{length}

The \vspace command adds vertical space.  The length of the space can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, i.e., points, inches, etc.  You can add negative as well as positive space with an \vspace command.

LaTeX removes vertical space that comes at the end of a page.  If you don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional * argument.  Then the space is never removed.


\fbox
Node: \fbox, Next: \framebox, Prev: \vspace, Up: Spaces & Boxes

\fbox

\fbox{text}

The \fbox command is exactly the same as the \mbox command, except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates.


\framebox
Node: \framebox, Next: lrbox, Prev: \fbox, Up: Spaces & Boxes

\framebox

\framebox[width][position]{text}

The \framebox command is exactly the same as the \makebox command, except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates.

The framebox command produces a rule of thickness \fboxrule, and leaves a space \fboxsep between the rule and the contents of the box.


lrbox
Node: lrbox, Next: \makebox, Prev: \framebox, Up: Spaces & Boxes

lrbox

\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}

This is the environment form of \sbox.

The text inside the environment is saved in the box cmd, which must have been declared with \newsavebox.


\makebox
Node: \makebox, Next: \mbox, Prev: lrbox, Up: Spaces & Boxes

\makebox

\makebox[width][position]{text}

The \makebox command creates a box just wide enough to contain the text specified.  The width of the box is specified by the optional width argument.  The position of the text within the box is determined by the optional position argument.

•	c -- centred (default)

•	l -- flushleft

•	r -- flushright

•	s -- stretch from left to right margin. The text must contain stretchable space for this to work.

See \makebox (picture).


\mbox
Node: \mbox, Next: \newsavebox, Prev: \makebox, Up: Spaces & Boxes

\mbox

\mbox{text}

The \mbox command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text created by its argument.

Use this command to prevent text from being split across lines.


\newsavebox
Node: \newsavebox, Next: \parbox, Prev: \mbox, Up: Spaces & Boxes

\newsavebox

\newsavebox{cmd}

Declares cmd, which must be a command name that is not already defined, to be a bin for saving boxes.


\parbox
Node: \parbox, Next: \raisebox, Prev: \newsavebox, Up: Spaces & Boxes

\parbox

\parbox[position][height][inner-pos]{width}{text}

A parbox is a box whose contents are created in paragraph mode.  The \parbox has two mandatory arguments:

•	width - specifies the width of the parbox, and

•	text - the text that goes inside the parbox.

LaTeX will position a parbox so its centre lines up with the centre of the text line.  The optional position argument allows you to line up either the top or bottom line in the parbox (default is top).

If the height argument is not given, the box will have the natural height of the text.

The inner-pos argument controls the placement of the text inside the box. If it is not specified, position is used.

•	t -- text is placed at the top of the box.

•	c -- text is centred in the box.

•	b -- text is placed at the bottom of the box.

•	s -- stretch vertically. The text must contain vertically stretchable space for this to work.

A \parbox command is used for a parbox containing a small piece of text, with nothing fancy inside.  In particular, you shouldn't use any of the paragraph-making environments inside a \parbox argument.  For larger pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a minipage environment See minipage.


\raisebox
Node: \raisebox, Next: \rule, Prev: \parbox, Up: Spaces & Boxes

\raisebox

\raisebox{distance}[extend-above][extend-below]{text}

The \raisebox command is used to raise or lower text.  The first mandatory argument specifies how high the text is to be raised (or lowered if it is a negative amount).  The text itself is processed in LR mode.

Sometimes it's useful to make LaTeX think something has a different size than it really does - or a different size than LaTeX would normally think it has.  The \raisebox command lets you tell LaTeX how tall it is.

The first optional argument, extend-above, makes LaTeX think that the text extends above the line by the amount specified.  The second optional argument, extend-below, makes LaTeX think that the text extends below the line by the amount specified.


\rule
Node: \rule, Next: \savebox, Prev: \raisebox, Up: Spaces & Boxes

\rule

\rule[raise-height]{width}{thickness}

The \rule command is used to produce horizontal lines.  The arguments are defined as follows:

•	raise-height - specifies how high to raise the rule (optional)

•	width - specifies the length of the rule (mandatory)

•	thickness - specifies the thickness of the rule (mandatory)


\savebox
Node: \savebox, Next: \sbox, Prev: \rule, Up: Spaces & Boxes

\savebox

 \savebox{cmd}[width][pos]{text}

This command typeset text in a box just as for \makebox.  However, instead of printing the resulting box, it saves it in bin cmd, which must have been declared with \newsavebox.


\sbox
Node: \sbox, Next: \usebox, Prev: \savebox, Up: Spaces & Boxes

\sbox

\sbox{text}

This commands typeset text in a box just as for \mbox.  However, instead of printing the resulting box, it saves it in bin cmd, which must have been declared with \newsavebox.


\usebox
Node: \usebox, Next: , Prev: \sbox, Up: Spaces & Boxes

\usebox

\usebox{cmd}

Prints the box most recently saved in bin cmd by a \savebox command.


Special Characters
Node: Special Characters, Next: Splitting the Input, Prev: Spaces & Boxes, Up: Commands

Special Characters

The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called "special printing characters", or simply "special characters".

                       # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }

Whenever you put one of these special characters into your file, you are doing something special.  If you simply want the character to be printed just as any other letter, include a \ in front of the character.  For example, \$ will produce $ in your output.

One exception to this rule is the \ itself because \\ has its own special meaning.  A \ is produced by typing $\backslash$ in your file.

Also, \~ means `place a tilde accent over the following letter', so you will probably want to use \verb instead.

In addition, you can access any character of a font once you know its number by using the \symbol command. For example, the character used for displaying spaces in the \verb* command has the code decimal 32, so it can be typed as \symbol{32}.

You can also specify octal numbers with ' or hexadecimal numbers with ", so the previous example could also be written as \symbol{'40} or \symbol{"20}.


Splitting the Input
Node: Splitting the Input, Next: Starting & Ending, Prev: Special Characters, Up: Commands

Splitting the Input

A large document requires a lot of input.  Rather than putting the whole input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into several smaller ones.  Regardless of how many separate files you use, there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type when you run LaTeX.

* Menu:

\include	Conditionally include a file.

\includeonly	Determine which files are included.

\input	Unconditionally include a file.


\include
Node: \include, Next: \includeonly, Prev: Splitting the Input, Up: Splitting the Input

\include

\include{file}

The \include command is used in conjunction with the \includeonly command for selective inclusion of files.  The file argument is the first name of a file, denoting file.tex.  If file is one the file names in the file list of the \includeonly command or if there is no \includeonly command, the \include command is equivalent to

\clearpage \input{file} \clearpage

except that if the file file.tex does not exist, then a warning message rather than an error is produced.  If the file is not in the file list, the \include command is equivalent to \clearpage.

The \include command may not appear in the preamble or in a file read by another \include command.


\includeonly
Node: \includeonly, Next: \input, Prev: \include, Up: Splitting the Input

\includeonly

\includeonly{file_list}

The \includeonly command controls which files will be read in by an \include command.  file_list should be a comma-separated list of filenames. Each filename must match exactly a filename specified in a \include command. This command can only appear in the preamble.


\input
Node: \input, Next: , Prev: \includeonly, Up: Splitting the Input

\input

\input{file}

The \input command causes the indicated file to be read and processed, exactly as if its contents had been inserted in the current file at that point.  The file name may be a complete file name with extension or just a first name, in which case the file file.tex is used.


Starting & Ending
Node: Starting & Ending, Next: Table of Contents, Prev: Splitting the Input, Up: Commands

Starting & Ending

Your input file must contain the following commands as a minimum:

 \documentclass{class}
 \begin{document}
   ... your text goes here ...
 \end{document}

where the class selected is one of the valid classes for LaTeX.  See Document Classes (and see Overview), for details of the various document classes available locally.

You may include other LaTeX commands between the \documentclass and the \begin{document} commands (i.e., in the `preamble').


Table of Contents
Node: Table of Contents, Next: Terminal Input/Output, Prev: Starting & Ending, Up: Commands

Table of Contents

A table of contents is produced with the \tableofcontents command. You put the command right where you want the table of contents to go; LaTeX does the rest for you.  It produces a heading, but it does not automatically start a new page.  If you want a new page after the table of contents, include a \newpage command after the \tableofcontents command.

There are similar commands \listoffigures and \listoftables for producing a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively.  Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents.

NOTE: If you want any of these items to be generated, you cannot have the \nofiles command in your document.

* Menu:

\addcontentsline	Add an entry to table of contents etc.

\addtocontents	Add text directly to table of contents file etc.


\addcontentsline
Node: \addcontentsline, Next: \addtocontents, Prev: Table of Contents, Up: Table of Contents

\addcontentsline

\addcontentsline{file}{sec_unit}{entry}

The \addcontentsline command adds an entry to the specified list or table where:

•	file is the extension of the file on which information is to be written: toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot (list of tables).

•	sec_unit controls the formatting of the entry.  It should be one of the following, depending upon the value of the file argument:

1.	toc -- the name of the sectional unit, such as part or subsection.

2.	lof -- figure

3.	lot -- table

•	entry is the text of the entry.


\addtocontents
Node: \addtocontents, Next: , Prev: \addcontentsline, Up: Table of Contents

\addtocontents

\addtocontents{file}{text}

The \addtocontents command adds text (or formatting commands) directly to the file that generates the table of contents or list of figures or tables.

•	file is the extension of the file on which information is to be written: toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot (list of tables).

•	text is the information to be written.


Terminal Input/Output
Node: Terminal Input/Output, Next: Typefaces, Prev: Table of Contents, Up: Commands

Terminal Input/Output

* Menu:

\typein	Read text from the terminal.

\typeout	Write text to the terminal.


\typein
Node: \typein, Next: \typeout, Prev: , Up: Terminal Input/Output

\typein

\typein[cmd]{msg}

Prints msg on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return.  If the cmd argument is missing, the typed input is processed as if it had been included in the input file in place of the \typein command.  If the cmd argument is present, it must be a command name.  This command name is then defined or redefined to be the typed input.


\typeout
Node: \typeout, Next: , Prev: \typein, Up: Terminal Input/Output

\typeout

\typeout{msg}

Prints msg on the terminal and in the log file.  Commands in msg that are defined with \newcommand or \renewcommand are replaced by their definitions before being printed.

LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to msg.  A \space command in msg causes a single space to be printed. A ^^J in msg prints a newline.


Typefaces
Node: Typefaces, Next: , Prev: Terminal Input/Output, Up: Commands

Typefaces

The typeface is specified by giving the "size" and "style".  A typeface is also called a "font".

* Menu:

Styles	Select roman, italics etc.

Sizes	Select point size.

Low-level font commands	Commands for wizards.


\Styles
Node: Styles, Next: Sizes, Prev: Typefaces, Up: Typefaces

\Styles

The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX.

These commands are used like \textit{italics text}. The corresponding command in parenthesis is the "declaration form", which takes no arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of the current group.

The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say \sffamily\bfseries to get sans serif boldface.

You can also use the environment form of the declaration forms; e.g.  \begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}.

\textrm (\rmfamily)

Roman.

\textit (\itshape)

\emph

Emphasis (toggles between \textit and \textrm).

\textmd (\mdseries)

Medium weight (default). The opposite of boldface.

\textbf (\bfseries)

Boldface.

\textup (\upshape)

Upright (default). The opposite of slanted.

\textsl (\slshape)

Slanted.

\textsf (\sffamily)

Sans serif.

\textsc (\scshape)

Small caps.

\texttt (\ttfamily)

Typewriter.

\textnormal (\normalfont)

Main document font.

\mathrm

Roman, for use in math mode.

\mathbf

Boldface, for use in math mode.

\mathsf

Sans serif, for use in math mode.

\mathtt

Typewriter, for use in math mode.

\mathit

Italics, for use in math mode, e.g. variable names with several letters.

\mathnormal

For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration.

\mathcal

`Calligraphic' letters, for use in math mode.

In addition, the command \mathversion{bold} can be used for switching to bold letters and symbols in formulas. \mathversion{normal} restores the default.


Sizes
Node: Sizes, Next: Low-level font commands, Prev: Styles, Up: Typefaces

Sizes

The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX.

The commands as listed here are "declaration forms". The scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of the current group.

You can also use the environment form of these commands; e.g.  \begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}.

\tiny

\scriptsize

\footnotesize

\small

\normalsize

(default)

\large

\Large

\LARGE

\huge

\Huge


Low-level font commands
Node: Low-level font commands, Next: , Prev: Sizes, Up: Typefaces

Low-level font commands

These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and packages.  The commands listed here are only a subset of the available ones. For full details, you should consult Chapter 7 of The LaTeX Companion.

\fontencoding{enc}

Select font encoding. Valid encodings include OT1 and T1.

\fontfamily{family}

Select font family. Valid families include:

•	cmr  for Computer Modern Roman

•	cmss for Computer Modern Sans Serif

•	cmtt for Computer Modern Typewriter

and numerous others.

\fontseries{series}

Select font series. Valid series include:

•	m  Medium (normal)

•	b  Bold

•	c  Condensed

•	bc Bold condensed

•	bx Bold extended

and various other combinations.

\fontshape{shape}

Select font shape. Valid shapes are:

•	n  Upright (normal)

•	it Italic

•	sl Slanted (oblique)

•	sc Small caps

•	ui Upright italics

•	ol Outline

The two last shapes are not available for most font families.

\fontsize{size}{skip}

Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch to; the second is the \baselineskip to use. The unit of both parameters defaults to pt. A rule of thumb is that the baselineskip should be 1.2 times the font size.

\selectfont

The changes made by calling the four font commands described above do not come into effect until \selectfont is called.

\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}

Equivalent to calling \fontencoding, \fontfamily, \fontseries and \fontshape with the given parameters, followed by \selectfont.


Parameters
Node: Parameters, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Commands, Up: Top

Parameters

The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; TeX uses .tex as a default file extension.  If you omit the input file entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal.  You specify command options by supplying a string as a parameter to the command; e.g.

latex ``\scrollmode\input foo.tex''

will process foo.tex without pausing after every error.

Output files are always created in the current directory. When you fail to specify an input file name, TeX bases the output names on the file specification associated with the logical name TEX_OUTPUT, typically texput.log.


Concept Index
Node: Concept Index, Next: Command Index, Prev: Parameters, Up: Top

Concept Index

Accessing any character of a font:	Special Characters.

Aligning Equations:	eqnarray.

Appendix, creating:	Sectioning.

Arrays, math:	array.

article class:	Document Classes.

Author, for titlepage:	\author.

Bibliography, creating (automatically):	Using BibTeX.

Bibliography, creating (manually):	thebibliography.

BibTeX, using:	Using BibTeX.

book class:	Document Classes.

Boxes:	Spaces & Boxes.

Cc list:	\cc.

Centering text:	\centering.

Centering text, environment for:	center.

Characters, reserved:	Special Characters.

Characters, special:	Special Characters.

Classes of document:	Document Classes.

Commands, defining new ones:	\newcommand.

Computer programs, typesetting:	verbatim.

Counters, a list of:	Counters.

Counters, creating:	\newcounter.

Counters, getting the value of:	\value.

Counters, setting:	\setcounter.

Creating letters:	Letters.

Creating pictures:	picture.

Creating tables:	table.

Cross referencing:	Cross References.

Cross referencing using page number:	\pageref.

Cross referencing using section number:	\ref.

Date, for titlepage:	\date.

Defining a new command:	\newcommand.

Defining new environments:	\newenvironment.

Defining new fonts:	\newfont.

Defining new theorems:	\newtheorem.

Displaying quoted text:	quote.

Displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation:	quotation.

Document Classes:	Document Classes.

Enclosed material:	\encl.

Ending & Starting:	Starting & Ending.

Enlarge current page:	\enlargethispage.

Environments:	Environments.

Environments, defining:	\newenvironment.

Equations, aligning:	eqnarray.

Equations, environment for:	equation.

exponent:	Math Formulae.

Figures, footnotes in:	minipage.

Flushing a page:	\clearpage.

Font commands, low-level:	Low-level font commands.

Font Sizes:	Sizes.

Font Styles:	Styles.

Fonts:	Typefaces.

Fonts, new commands for:	\newfont.

Footnotes in figures:	minipage.

Footnotes, creating:	Footnotes.

Formatting Text:	\centering.

Formulae, environment for:	equation.

Formulae, maths:	Math Formulae.

Global options:	Document Classes.

Greek letters:	Math Symbols.

Hyphenation, defining:	\hyphenation.

Hyphenation, forcing:	\- (hyphenation).

Indent, forcing:	\indent.

Indent, suppressing:	\noindent.

Input file, splitting:	Splitting the Input.

Input/Output:	Terminal Input/Output.

Inserting figures:	figure.

Justification, ragged left:	\raggedleft.

Justification, ragged right:	\raggedright.

Labelled lists, creating:	description.

LaTeX overview:	Overview.

Layout commands:	Layout.

Left-justifying text:	\raggedright.

Left-justifying text, environment for:	flushleft.

Left-to-right mode:	Modes.

Lengths, adding to:	\addtolength.

Lengths, defining a new:	\newlength.

Lengths, defining and using:	Lengths.

Lengths, predefined:	Predefined lengths.

Lengths, setting value of:	\setlength.

letter class:	Document Classes.

Letters:	Letters.

Letters, ending:	\closing.

Letters, starting:	\opening.

Line Breaking:	Line & Page Breaking.

Line breaks:	\linebreak.

Lines in tables:	tabular.

Lining text up in columns using tab stops:	tabbing.

Lining text up in tables:	tabular.

Lists of items:	itemize.

Lists of items, generic:	list.

Lists of items, numbered:	enumerate.

Loading additional packages:	Document Classes.

Low-level font commands:	Low-level font commands.

LR mode:	Modes.

Making a title page:	titlepage.

Making paragraphs:	Making Paragraphs.

Margin Notes:	Margin Notes.

Math Formulae:	Math Formulae.

Math mode:	Modes.

Math mode, entering:	Math Formulae.

Math mode, spacing:	Spacing in Math Mode.

Maths Miscellany:	Math Miscellany.

Maths symbols:	Math Symbols.

Minipage, creating a:	minipage.

Modes:	Modes.

Multicolumn text:	\twocolumn.

New line, starting:	\\.

New line, starting (paragraph mode):	\newline.

New Page:	\newpage.

Notes in the margin:	Margin Notes.

Options, global:	Document Classes.

Overview of LaTeX:	Overview.

Packages, loading:	Document Classes.

Page break, forcing:	\pagebreak.

Page Breaking:	Line & Page Breaking.

Page Formatting:	Line & Page Breaking.

Page numbering:	\pagenumbering.

Page styles:	Page Styles.

Paragraph mode:	Modes.

Paragraph, starting a new:	\par.

Paragraphs:	Making Paragraphs.

Pictures, creating:	picture.

Poetry, an environment for:	verse.

Predefined lengths:	Predefined lengths.

Programs, typesetting:	verbatim.

Quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying:	quotation.

Quoted text, displaying:	quote.

Ragged left text:	\raggedleft.

Ragged left text, environment for:	flushright.

Ragged right text:	\raggedright.

Ragged right text, environment for:	flushleft.

Remarks in the margin:	Margin Notes.

report class:	Document Classes.

Reserved Characters:	Special Characters.

Right-justifying text:	\raggedleft.

Right-justifying text, environment for:	flushright.

Sectioning:	Sectioning.

Simulating typed text:	verbatim.

Sizes of text:	Sizes.

Space, inserting vertical:	\addvspace.

Spaces:	Spaces & Boxes.

Spacing, within Math mode:	Spacing in Math Mode.

Special Characters:	Special Characters.

Splitting the input file:	Splitting the Input.

Starting & Ending:	Starting & Ending.

Starting on a  right-hand page:	\cleardoublepage.

Styles of text:	Styles.

Styles, page:	Page Styles.

Subscript:	Subscripts & Superscripts.

Superscript:	Subscripts & Superscripts.

Symbols:	Math Symbols.

Tab stops, using:	tabbing.

Table of Contents, creating:	Table of Contents.

Tables, creating:	table.

Terminal Input/Output:	Terminal Input/Output.

Thanks, for titlepage:	\thanks.

Theorems, defining:	\newtheorem.

Theorems, typesetting:	theorem.

Title making:	\maketitle.

Title pages, creating:	titlepage.

Title, for titlepage:	\title.

Typed text, simulating:	verbatim.

Typeface Sizes:	Sizes.

Typeface Styles:	Styles.

Typefaces:	Typefaces.

Using BibTeX:	Using BibTeX.

Variables, a list of:	Counters.

Verbatim text:	\verb.

Vertical space, inserting:	\addvspace.


Command Index
Node: Command Index, Next: , Prev: Concept Index, Up: Top

Command Index

$:	Math Formulae.

\!:	Spacing in Math Mode.

\' (tabbing):	tabbing.

\(:	Math Formulae.

\):	Math Formulae.

\+:	tabbing.

\,:	Spacing in Math Mode.

\- (hyphenation):	\- (hyphenation).

\- (tabbing):	tabbing.

\;:	Spacing in Math Mode.

\<:	tabbing.

\=:	tabbing.

\>:	tabbing.

\[:	Math Formulae.

\\:	\\.

\]:	Math Formulae.

\` (tabbing):	tabbing.

\a:	tabbing.

\addcontentsline:	\addcontentsline.

\address:	\address.

\addtocontents:	\addtocontents.

\addtocounter:	\addtocounter.

\addtolength:	\addtolength.

\addvspace:	\addvspace.

\alph:	\alph.

\appendix:	Sectioning.

\arabic:	\arabic.

\author:	\author.

\backslash:	Special Characters.

\begin:	Environments.

\bfseries:	Styles.

\bibitem:	\bibitem.

\bibliography:	Using BibTeX.

\bibliographystyle:	Using BibTeX.

\bigskip:	\bigskip.

\caption:	figure.

\cc:	\cc.

\cdots:	Math Miscellany.

\centering:	\centering.

\chapter:	Sectioning.

\circle:	\circle.

\cite:	\cite.

\cleardoublepage:	\cleardoublepage.

\clearpage:	\clearpage.

\cline:	\cline.

\closing:	\closing.

\COLON:	Spacing in Math Mode.

\dashbox:	\dashbox.

\date:	\date.

\ddots:	Math Miscellany.

\depth:	Predefined lengths.

\documentclass:	Document Classes.

\dotfill:	\dotfill.

\emph:	Styles.

\encl:	\encl.

\end:	Environments.

\enlargethispage:	\enlargethispage.

\fbox:	\fbox.

\flushbottom:	\flushbottom.

\fnsymbol:	\fnsymbol.

\fontencoding:	Low-level font commands.

\fontfamily:	Low-level font commands.

\fontseries:	Low-level font commands.

\fontshape:	Low-level font commands.

\fontsize:	Low-level font commands.

\footnote:	\footnote.

\footnotemark:	\footnotemark.

\footnotesize:	Sizes.

\footnotetext:	\footnotetext.

\frac:	Math Miscellany.

\frame:	\frame.

\framebox <1>:	\framebox (picture).

\framebox:	\framebox.

\fussy:	\fussy.

\height:	Predefined lengths.

\hfill:	\hfill.

\hline:	\hline.

\hrulefill:	\hrulefill.

\hspace:	\hspace.

\huge:	Sizes.

\hyphenation:	\hyphenation.

\include:	\include.

\includeonly:	\includeonly.

\indent:	\indent.

\input:	\input.

\item:	itemize.

\itshape:	Styles.

\kill:	tabbing.

\label:	\label.

\Large:	Sizes.

\ldots:	Math Miscellany.

\lefteqn:	eqnarray.

\line:	\line.

\linebreak:	\linebreak.

\linethickness:	\linethickness.

\listoffigures:	Table of Contents.

\listoftables:	Table of Contents.

\location:	\location.

\makebox:	\makebox.

\makebox (picture):	\makebox (picture).

\makelabels:	\makelabels.

\maketitle:	\maketitle.

\markboth:	\markboth.

\markright:	\markright.

\mathbf:	Styles.

\mathcal:	Styles.

\mathit:	Styles.

\mathnormal:	Styles.

\mathrm:	Styles.

\mathsf:	Styles.

\mathtt:	Styles.

\mathversion:	Styles.

\mbox:	\mbox.

\mdseries:	Styles.

\medskip:	\medskip.

\multicolumn:	\multicolumn.

\multiput:	\multiput.

\name:	\name.

\newcommand:	\newcommand.

\newcounter:	\newcounter.

\newenvironment:	\newenvironment.

\newfont:	\newfont.

\newlength:	\newlength.

\newline:	\newline.

\newpage:	\newpage.

\newsavebox:	\newsavebox.

\newtheorem:	\newtheorem.

\nocite:	\nocite.

\nofiles:	Table of Contents.

\noindent:	\noindent.

\nolinebreak:	\nolinebreak.

\nopagebreak:	\nopagebreak.

\normalfont:	Styles.

\normalsize:	Sizes.

\onecolumn:	\onecolumn.

\opening:	\opening.

\oval:	\oval.

\overbrace:	Math Miscellany.

\overline:	Math Miscellany.

\pagebreak:	\pagebreak.

\pagenumbering:	\pagenumbering.

\pageref:	\pageref.

\pagestyle:	\pagestyle.

\par:	\par.

\paragraph:	Sectioning.

\parbox:	\parbox.

\ps:	\ps.

\pushtabs:	tabbing.

\put:	\put.

\raggedbottom:	\raggedbottom.

\raggedleft:	\raggedleft.

\raggedright:	\raggedright.

\raisebox:	\raisebox.

\ref:	\ref.

\refstepcounter:	\refstepcounter.

\rmfamily:	Styles.

\Roman:	\roman.

\rule:	\rule.

\savebox:	\savebox.

\sbox:	\sbox.

\scriptsize:	Sizes.

\scshape:	Styles.

\selectfont:	Low-level font commands.

\setcounter:	\setcounter.

\setlength:	\setlength.

\settodepth:	\settodepth.

\settoheight:	\settoheight.

\settowidth:	\settowidth.

\sffamily:	Styles.

\shortstack:	\shortstack.

\signature:	\signature.

\sloppy:	\sloppy.

\slshape:	Styles.

\small:	Sizes.

\smallskip:	\smallskip.

\sqrt:	Math Miscellany.

\startbreaks:	\startbreaks.

\stepcounter:	\stepcounter.

\stopbreaks:	\stopbreaks.

\subparagraph:	Sectioning.

\subsection:	Sectioning.

\subsubsection:	Sectioning.

\symbol:	Special Characters.

\tableofcontents:	Table of Contents.

\telephone:	\telephone.

\textbf:	Styles.

\textit:	Styles.

\textmd:	Styles.

\textnormal:	Styles.

\textrm:	Styles.

\textsc:	Styles.

\textsf:	Styles.

\textsl:	Styles.

\texttt:	Styles.

\textup:	Styles.

\thanks:	\thanks.

\thispagestyle:	\thispagestyle.

\tiny:	Sizes.

\title:	\title.

\today:	titlepage.

\totalheight:	Predefined lengths.

\ttfamily:	Styles.

\twocolumn:	\twocolumn.

\typein:	\typein.

\typeout:	\typeout.

\underbrace:	Math Miscellany.

\underline:	Math Miscellany.

\upshape:	Styles.

\usebox:	\usebox.

\usecounter:	\usecounter.

\usefont:	Low-level font commands.

\usepackage:	Document Classes.

\value:	\value.

\vdots:	Math Miscellany.

\vector:	\vector.

\verb:	\verb.

\vfill:	\vfill.

\vline:	\vline.

\vspace:	\vspace.

\width:	Predefined lengths.

^:	Subscripts & Superscripts.

_:	Subscripts & Superscripts.

array:	array.

center:	center.

description:	description.

enumerate:	enumerate.

eqnarray:	eqnarray.

equation:	equation.

figure:	figure.

flushleft:	flushleft.

flushright:	flushright.

itemize:	itemize.

letter:	letter.

list:	list.

lrbox:	lrbox.

minipage:	minipage.

picture:	picture.

quotation:	quotation.

quote:	quote.

tabbing:	tabbing.

table:	table.

tabular:	tabular.

thebibliography:	thebibliography.

theorem:	theorem.

titlepage:	titlepage.

verbatim:	verbatim.

verse:	verse.


About Makertf

Makertf is a program that converts "Texinfo" files into "Rich Text Format" (RTF) files. It can be used to make WinHelp Files from GNU manuals and other documentation written in Texinfo.

Makertf is derived from GNU Makeinfo, which is a part of the GNU Texinfo documentation system.

Christian Schenk

cschenk@berlin.snafu.de