ࡱ> L(8 / 0LDArialԖe0Ԗ0ll -a0@ .  @n?" dd@  @@`` pmY    "#$%&')*+,-./012356789:;<=?@BCDEFGHIJKLMNPQRSTUVWXZ[\]^_`abcdefghjk 0AA@ʚ;_L.ʚ;g4XdXd4! -a0ppp@ <4dddd8))0ll  0___PPT10 ___PPT9/?  %AThe 1920s and 1930s<Class 1 Labor Movement Issues in the 1920s and Public PolicyAdministrative Reading for next class  Atkins v. Children s Hospital  Preamble to NLRA <33ReviewCompetition among AFL, IWW and Socialists in the Progressive Era Growing importance of labor injunctions, despite passage of the Clayton Act Growth of protective labor legislation Post-war period, Red Scare and Boston Police StrikeTodayDevelopments in the AFL Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Employer Approaches Court Decisions in the 1920s and 30s The Railway Labor Act The Norris-LaGuardia Act 0" " I. Developments in the AFLAFL emerged unchallenged as the center of the trade union movement Philosophy unchanged Gompers died in 1924 Replaced by William Green of the United Mine Workers  AFL and African-AmericansAFL found it could do little to prevent discrimination by its affiliates Unions usually discriminated African-Americans often served as strike breakers'II. Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters(((Porters were almost entirely African-American Almost all worked for Pullman Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters decided to make an outsider president Chose A. Philip Randolph PullmanBargained with unions of white conductors but for blacks had company dominated employee representation plan When union began to organize, Pullman brought in Filipinos to replace them on best runs Fired those identified as BSCP ringleaders Company refused to acknowledge BSCP at all III. Employer ApproachesfThe American Plan Another name for the Open Shop Promoted by the National Association of Manufacturers #Implementation of the American Plan$$(^Discrimination and blacklist Yellow Dog Contract Injunction Espionage Strike breaking Use of Detective Agencies and private police systems Employer Associations Company UnionsZWelfare CapitalismGrew out of Rockefeller and the Ludlow Massacre Harmony of Interest Doctrine In theory provided industrial democracy, better working conditions and better living conditions Key was still employee representation plans IV. Court DecisionsRTruax v. Corrigan S.C. 1921 Duplex v. Deering S.C.1921 Bedford Cut Stone S.C. 1927$!& +Court Decisions Affecting African-Americans,,(1934 N.Y. court enjoined African-American boycott of shoe store 1938 Supreme Court finally upheld right of blacks to organize boycotts of businesses which would not hire them "V. The Railway Labor ActgIssue of Federal Jurisdiction RLA was jointly drafted by labor and management Dislike of arbitration (Ih#Railway Labor Act(Emphasis on worker representation through union's and voluntary bargaining Outlawed interference by either side in other's choice of representatives Required employer to negotiate with representatives of his/her employees Texas and New Orleans Railroad v. Brotherhood of Railway Clerks S.C. 1930 $!VI. The Norris-LaGuardia Act 1932""(Conservative legislation Intent clearly pro union and pro bargaining Philosophy clearly laissez faire% ProvisionsMost Important  Made injunctions almost impossible to get from a federal court in a labor dispute Made Yellow dog contract unenforceable in federal court Protected specific self help measures& Next Time The National Labor Relations ActM,1920s and the 1930sLecture 2 NIRA and NLRAN-AdministrativeLReading for next class Two articles on  War Labor Board  Women s Work in California Airplane  Arbitrator Harry Shulman For following class read the first two essays&q/O.ReviewSupreme Court decisions undermining workers and unions Court decisions undermining any attempts by African-Americans to improve their employment situation Railway Labor Act (1926) Norris-LaGuardia Anti-Injunction Act (1932)P/TodaytRoosevelt s approach and the National Industrial Recovery Act Background to the National Labor Relations Act Philosophy and Approach of the NLRA Provisions of the NLRA Impact of the NLRA" Q05I. Roosevelt and the National Industrial Recovery Act66(n Roosevelt s Campaign Promises National Industrial Recovery Act  June 1933 Allowed industry to  collude to raise prices Provided for right to unionize Resulted in rapid union growth@LMLLR12II. Background to the National Labor Relations Act33(*Senator Wagner s bill Constitutionality  NLRB v. Jones and Laughlin Steel, SC 1937 Based in part on the desire to eliminate organizational strikes.ZZZS2@III. Philosophy and Approach of the National Labor Relations ActAA(Philosophy Unionism is good  unions and bargaining will help promote recovery and labor peace Workers should have the choice of which union, if any, represents them Workers have a right to withhold their labor * Z6Approach of the NLRAGovernment will intervene to protect the right to unionize, the right to bargain, and the right to strike Government will limit employer anti-union and anti-bargaining tacticsU4IV. Provisions of the NLRArHeart of the Act is section 7 "Employees shall have the right to self organization, to form, join or assist labor organizations, to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing and to engage in concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection"::[7Provisions of the NLRACCreated NLRB to oversee and enforce the Act Unfair labor practices\8Provisions - ULPs <Employers may not  restrain or coerce employees exercising their rights No company unions No discrimination to discourage union membership Refusal to bargain^9Provisions - RepresentationExclusive Representation Uniqueness of this method Replaced the practice of employers avoiding unions where they could and recognizing them where they had no choiceZV5V. Impact of the NLRAIn the late 1930's the N.L.R.B. held 1000's of elections with millions of workers participating By 1941 company unions had all but disappeared Courts went on to enhance worker rightsT3 Next TimeThe New Deal Racial Issues Developments in the Union Movement The  Sit-down strikes Employers in the 1930s -The 1920s and 1930s-Class 3 Workers and Trade Unions in the 1930s.Administrative:Reading for next time For class after (World War II) do the two readings on the War Labor Board and the one on Women s Work in a California Warplanes Factory&/ReviewNational Labor Relations Act  the Wagner Act Rights of workers to organize, to bargain and to strike Right of workers to elect their own representative if they want one Unfair labor practices and their consequences0TodayoThe New Deal Race at Work Unions in the Depression CIO Challenge to the AFL Sit-down Era Employers in the 1930sp" p7 I. The New DealgWhat was the New Deal? What programs did it involve? How successful was it? How did the depression end?1II. Race at WorkIn depression groups of whites tried to take over traditional black jobs and insisted employers fire blacks Much of New Deal accepted local segregationist practices National Industrial Recovery Act Impact of Wagner Act8!Race in the UnionsBlacks formed sharecropper unions in south but little success Unions affiliated with Trade Union Unity League often fought for equal pay for the races and the sexes 1934 AFL appointed committee to study racial discrimination2III. Unions in the Depression$Depression initially crippled unions as a collective bargaining instrument A.F.L.  Philosophy  Depression forced reconsideration of voluntarism :"Organizing Boom Begins1880's and 1930's only two periods in U.S. history of  organization from below Initially spurred by passage of N.I.R.A. Industrial unions made greatest gains 1934 amendments to Railway Labor Act specifically included Pullman 1934 west coast maritime strike6POdPOda:IV. CIO Challenge to the AFLCIO began as caucus within the AFL  Committee for Industrial Organization Fought in AFL for industrial charters When member unions expelled from AFL, reconstituted itself as the Congress of Industrial Organizations ;#IV. CIO Challenge to the AFL9Basic Reasons for the split? Power Principles Personality:@%CIO[Never really radical Never advocated voluntarism Believed in organizing across racial linesA&V. Sit-down EraWave of organizing strikes against employers who simply wouldn t talk to unions Began in rubber industry and spread to automobiles and steelB'SteelOrganizing Campaign in steel begun by the CIO in 1936 Steel Workers Organizing Committee Presence of communists among CIO organizers gave employers a propaganda toolJ*Little Steel StrikeResponse to offensive by the virulently anti-labor and reactionary president of Republic Steel, Tom Girdler Police fired on a peaceful picnic of strikers and their families in Chicago killing ten of them3 VI. EmployersIgnored the National Industrial Recovery Act Ignored the Wagner Act as long as they could Influenced state and local government G(Mohawk Valley FormulaEncouraged by N.A.M. Systematic campaign to oppose union organizing and strikes Important to understand most of this was illegalH)$LaFollette Civil Liberties Committee%%(Reported on 1933 1937 Found employer tactics involved frequent total disregard for legal and constitutional rights of employeesK+ Next TimeLabor during the War Period/ ( ) * + , 4569=>?DEFILWXY]_` b!c"d#e$g&h'  0` 33` Sf3f` 33g` f` www3PP` ZXdbmo` \ғ3y`Ӣ` 3f3ff` 3f3FKf` hk]wwwfܹ` ff>>\`Y{ff` R>&- {p_/̴>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> $(    6W   `}   T Click to edit Master title style! !  0Z   `   RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     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33  ___PPT10 ..8 d+[W_D* ' Y = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+8+0+0 +g  0 f(  r  S U  `}  U    S U  `<$0 U  "p`PpH  0޽h ? 339 1 ___PPT10 ..> o+[W_D' Y = @B D\' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*>%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*>%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+8+0+0 + 0  f(  r  S PU  `}  U    S ĢU  `<$0 U  "p`PpH  0޽h ? 33___PPT10..8 @rd+[W_D' Y = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*K%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*K%(+8+0+0 +y 0 f(  r  S PU  `}  U    S ܳU  `<$0 U  "p`PpH  0޽h ? 33KC___PPT10#..> `+[W_D ' Y = @B Dn ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Py%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*y%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+8+0+0 +Q  0 @P(  r  S 4U  `}  U    S 4U  `<$0 U  H  0޽h ? 339 1 ___PPT10 ../+[W_D' Y = @B D\' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*K%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Kq%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*q%(+8+0+0 +  0 P(  r  S `U  `}  U    S `U  `<$0 U  H  0޽h ? 33  ___PPT10 ..>  f+[W_D* ' Y = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*#%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*#.%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*.:%(+8+0+0 +Q  0  P(  r  S U  `}  U    S U ` `<$0 U  H  0޽h ? 339 1 ___PPT10 ..@ c+[W_D' Y = @B D\' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*1%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*1\%(+8+0+0 + 0 0 P(   r   S U  `}  U     S U  `<$0 U  H   0޽h ? 33___PPT10..@ +[W_D' Y = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* P%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* P%(+8+0+ 0 +Q  0 @P(  r  S U  `}  U    S U  `<$0 U  H  0޽h ? 339 1 ___PPT10 ..@ +[W_D' Y = @B D\' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*6%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*6Y%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Y%(+8+0+0 + 0 ,P(  ,r , S U  `}  U   , S U  `<$0 U  H , 0޽h ? 33___PPT10..B wDP+[W_D' Y = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*,l%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*,l%(+8+0+,0 +Q  0 0P(  r  S xX  `}  X    S xX  `<$0 X  H  0޽h ? 339 1 ___PPT10 ..8 d+[W_D' Y = @B D\' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*.%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*.[%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*[%(+8+0+0 +g  0  f(   r   S X  `}  X     S (X  `<$0 X  "p`PpH   0޽h ? 339 1 ___PPT10 ..A w+[W_D' Y = @B D\' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* P%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* P%(+8+0+ 0 + 0 $P(  $r $ S #X  `}  X   $ S $X  `<$0 X  H $ 0޽h ? 33___PPT10..A @1+[W_D' Y = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$%(+8+0+$0 +$ 0 4$(  4r 4 S 1X  `}  X  r 4 S 1X  ` X  H 4 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.C ; 0 ,(  ,^ , S (RH   X { , c $9X ( !  X  Philosophy unchanged AFL continued to focus on bargaining, not legislation and certainly not revolution. Voluntarism. Worst sin was dual unionism! Replaced by William Green of the United Mine Workers Green had neither the intellectual ability nor charisma of Gompers and so unable to lead trade union movement as Gompers did Personally honest and courageous but bland and a terrible speaker Little respect from his peersL66H , 0jB ? 3380___PPT10.@Tf0 4(  4^ 4 S (RH   X z 4 c $FX ( !  X  African-Americans often served as strike breakers Combination of union discrimination and African-American strike breaking poisoned relations between the union movement and the African-American community &22H 4 0jB ? 3380___PPT10.60 0LF(  L^ L S (RH   X  L c $QX ( !  X  <Almost all worked for Pullman Pullman was largest single employer of African-Americans in the US and many African-Americans were grateful to this deeply anti-union company Racist employment policies in country enabled Pullman to hire many of most talented blacks in country including college graduates as porters Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters decided to make an outsider president Outsider as president so he couldn t be fired Chose A. Philip Randolph Randolph was young orator and magazine editor Stimulated widespread support for the union and turned it into a forum for racial equalitytK.K. H L 0jB ? 3380___PPT10.`gA 0 7/@P(  P^ P S (RH   X ) P c $TaX ( !  X  {Company refused to acknowledge BSCP at all Said it had no dispute with its porters and dismissed Randolph as outside agitator Company refused to deal with union and to accept government recommendation of arbitration since it acknowledged no dispute 1928 BSCP applied for AFL charter as international union. AFL refused but 1929 chartered 13 BSCP locals as federal labor unions &+Q+QH P 0jB ? 3380___PPT10.@c 0 |d(  d^ d S (RH   X v d c $_X ( !  X  Company Unions Employee Representation Plans Device to keep out real unions Report to employer on any agitation Provide excuse not to deal with outside unions No bargaining power&H d 0jB ? 3380___PPT10. I!7 0 "h(  h^ h S (RH   X  h c $PX ( !  X  fAnother name for the Open Shop Despite propaganda of choice and freedom, open shop meant nonunion shop&HHH h 0jB ? 3380___PPT10.@c0 {l(  l^ l S (RH   X u l c $X ( !  X  Key was still employee representation plans Led employers away from vigorous enforcement of American plan Not one company union evolved into a genuine vehicle for worker interests in the entire 1920s&,,H l 0jB ? 3380___PPT10.EJ0  Z(  ^  S (RH   X   c $pX ( !  X  PjTruax v. Corrigan S.C. 1921 Overturned a state law which had prevented injunctions against peaceful picketing Duplex v. Deering S.C. 1921 We ve already discussed this one Effectively nullified the Clayton Act Bedford Cut Stone S.C. 1927 Used Sherman Act to prevent secondary strikes aimed at recognition RGCRGC$uH  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.Arl_^0 n(  ^  S (RH   X   c $X ( !  X  dIssue of Federal Jurisdiction Unlike manufacturing, railroads clearly interstate commerce and clearly under federal jurisdiction Dislike of arbitration Previous experience with legislated arbitration was unsatisfactory to both labor and management. LccccH  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.B,1Q0 a(  ^  S (RH   X   c $dX ( !  X  WRequired employer to negotiate with representatives of his/her employees Foreshadowed much of legislation to come in the 1930s Texas and New Orleans Railroad v. Brotherhood of Railway Clerks S.C. 1930 Upheld the ActLI6LI6LH  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.C\Ļ50 E(  ^  S (RH   X   c $8X ( !  X  ;uThe Norris-LaGuardia Act 1932 Who was President in 1932? Who was George Norris? Who was Fiorello LaGuardia? Conservative legislation In best sense of Republicanism Less government interference Consistent with philosophy of limited government Philosophy clearly Laissez-faire Let unions and employers fight it out in peaceful battle Let the Government not take sides Rm#[Rm#[\H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.C 0 (  ^  S (RH   X   c $X ( !  X  Most Important  made Injunctions almost impossible to get In effect, ended most use of anti trust v. labor unions In effect, ended industrial relations by injunction Protected specific self help measures Peaceful picketing consumer boycotts secondary boycotts L<l':<l':H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.Dˎ0 ~P(  ^  S (RH   X x  c $X ( !  X  H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.8 ց0 `(  ^  S (RH   X    c $X ( !  X  National Industrial Recovery Act Congress rejected in principle attempt to allow blacks and whites to be paid different amounts for same work Also, since equal pay was for "same job classification," jobs in which blacks worked simply classified lower However, jobs in which most blacks worked excluded from minimum wage coverage under NIRA (and later FLSA) Impact of Wagner Act Majority rule principle helped to entrench racist white unions NLRA excluded many of the principal occupations that employed blacks and Latinos, especially agriculture and domestic service. Why? Also women by excluding public schools and hospitals (thus teachers and nurses) Helped turn unions away from industries and occupations that were not covered by Wagner because they were harder to organize `!D!DH  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.; @V0 pf(  ^  S (RH   Y   c $Y ( !  Y  \Ignored NIRA  employers responded with new round of employee representation plans Influenced State and local government Induced police to protect employer property and often provoked violence to get police support Charged unionists with radicalism and unamericanism and induced state and local governments to ban their meetings and their literature as radicalLK'K' _H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.< D (!0 8(  ^  S (RH   Y   c $h#Y ( !  Y  .1934 AFL Committee of 5 (all white) investigated. Recommended expulsion of racist unions Its report totally emasculated before presented in 1935 by George Harrison of racist Railway Clerks In the end, AFL refused to expel racist unions&  H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.> V0 F>(  ^  S (RH   Y 8  c $3Y ( !  Y  ,Depression initially crippled unions as a collective bargaining instrument Strikes became purely defensive A.F.L.  Philosophy 1931 A.F.L. convention, anti voluntarists emerged and some powerful union presidents were converted, e.g. Dan Tobin  Teamsters and soon Lewis July 1932 executive agreed to go along and convention in November did too with the decisive test fought over unemployment compensationLL L  H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.> c "0 (  ^  S (RH   Y |  c $<\Y ( !  Y  H1880's and 1930's only two periods in U.S. history of organization from below Organizing from below - workers insisting unions come in and organize them NIRA The President wants you to join a union, exaggeration because F.D.R. in fact fairly indifferent 1934 amendments to Railway Labor Act specifically included Pullman Company resisted but government insisted on recognition and bargaining 1937 Pullman signed first agreement with BSCP 1934 west coast maritime strike Lasted 3 months Hundreds arrested Thousands clubbed or teargassed Nine diedtNDu!LNDu!L   H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.> @H;#0 nf(  ^  S (RH   Y `  c $8cY ( !  Y  dPower control of labor movement and perhaps of the country Principle Industrial unionism How does this relate to craft unionism? Why is the distinction important? Who were the early advocates of industrial unionism? AFL had some industrial unions for a long time including the United Mine Workers Personality Lewis and Hutcheson, Lewis and Greent5 %5 % H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.? FPF %0   P (  ^  S (RH   Y   c $HwY ( !  Y  Never really Radical CIO always believed in collective bargaining in a private property system Lewis had been a Republican and would support Republicans again  Out of the agony and travail of economic America the Committee for Industrial Organization was born. To millions of Americans exploited without stint by corporate industry and socially debased beyond the understanding of the fortunate, its coming was as welcomed as the dawn to the night watcher. To a lesser group of Americans, infinitely more fortunately situated, blessed with larger quantities of the world s goods and insolent in their assumption of privilege, its coming was heralded as a harbinger of ill, sinister of purpose, of unclean methods and non-virtuous objectives. But the Committee for Industrial Organizations is here. It is now henceforth a definite instrumentality, destined greatly to influence the lives of our people and the internal and external course of the republic. Never advocated voluntarism Always believed some government intervention necessaryL77H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.@ `I&0 `(  ^  S (RH   Y   c $(Y ( !  Y  RBegan in rubber industry and spread to automobiles and steel Why sit-down strikes?&==H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.A '0 VNp(  ^  S (RH   Y H  c $Y ( !  Y  ^Steel Workers Organizing Committee Under Phil Murray, former Lewis U.M.W. lieutenant 60 of the original 200 organizers Lewis appointed were Communists and they were among the most effective Also gained influence by infiltrating and converting company unions, a tactic Lewis opposed All top positions in SWOC reserved for Lewis' lieutenants and before it was converted to a formal union, Lewis tossed out all the Communists without elections March 1937 agreement achieved by Lewis in secret negotiations with major steel companies Recognition and concessions Presence of communists In 1938 the House Un American Activities Committee began hearings on Communist influence in the C.I.O.L$ g$ gH  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.A G_(0 /'((  (^ ( S (RH   Y ! ( c $PY ( !  Y  sSystematic Campaign Denounce union organizers as agitators Align community with employers in name of law and order Intimidate strikers by getting police to break up meetings Set up "back to work" movements by secretly organizing "loyal employees" Threaten community with removal of plant if local business interests stand by while radical agitators win control of workers&``H ( 0jB ? 3380___PPT10.A *0 jb0(  0^ 0 S (RH   Y \ 0 c $ĻY ( !  Y  Police fired Examination of evidence including film of Chicago incident proved conclusively that strikers had done nothing to provoke the violence Still, media reported it as union violence FDR   A plague on both your houses JLLewis   Labor like Israel has many sorrows. Its women weep for their fallen and lament for the future of the children of the race. It ill behooves one who has supped at labor s table and who has been sheltered in labor s house to curse with equal fervor and fine impartiality both labor and its adversaries when they become locked in deadly embrace & : :]H 0 0jB ? 3380___PPT10.B  00 < 4 h (  h^ h S (RH   Y .  h c $ȘY ( !  Y   Roosevelt s Campaign Promises Contained nothing specific for labor except the general promise to put people back to work This was okay with the AFL which remained deeply skeptical of government intervention in the labor market So skeptical that they opposed the Fair Labor Standards Act when it was introduced in 1938 What was the FLSA? National Industrial Recovery Act  June 1933 Essentially a deal with industry that would allow them to fix prices if they would agree to codes providing minimum wages, maximum hours, child labor prohibitions, and the right to unionize Allowed industry to set its own codes of fair competition, i.e. to collude Section 7a Right to join unions of their own choosing, not company unions, free from employer interference or coercion Right to bargain collectively through those unions F.D.R. established National Labor Board in 1934 to enforce its provisions Resulted in rapid union growth Within a year, AFL unions added 500,000 new members Within a year TUUL unions added 100,000 new members 1935 TUUL dissolved its constituent unions and told the members to join the mainstream unions and attempt to develop democratic socialist principles But growth was short-lived as employers ignored the law and the government did little to enforce it Schecter Poultry Corp. v. U.S. (S.C.) May 27, 1935 over turned the N.I.R.A. ZZnZ/ZZZ"ZZZ  n /    "   EH h 0jB ? 3380___PPT10.qs>10 lN(  l^ l S (RH   Z  l c $Y ( !  Z  DSenator Wagner s bill Wagner Democrat from NY Bill introduced earlier but set aside when NIRA passed Now reintroduced Supported by Roosevelt (though not with great enthusiasm) and supported by the AFL Passed 1935 Constitutionality  NLRB v. Jones and Laughlin Steel, SC 1937 Lawyers generally told companies to ignore the act, that it was unconstitutional SC found it was based on the commerce clause and that, as the act claimed, organizational strikes had a substantial impact on interstate commerce Went further to find that interstate commerce included production as well as distribution so manufacturing was includedL?[?[H l 0jB ? 3380___PPT10.r20 p(  p^ p S (RH   Z  p c $Z ( !  Z  RWorkers should have the choice of which union, if any, represents them  That is, the choice belonged to workers, not employers who should have nothing to say about it.&J`J`H p 0jB ? 3380___PPT10.s80 ld(  ^  S (RH   Z ^  c $Z ( !  Z  No company unions By 1935 there were 2.5 million workers in these This provision prohibits the employer from interfering in any way in union affairs No discrimination to discourage union membership Outlawed firing union supporters, refusing to hire them, or in any way discriminating against them Unionists became the first class of employees protected from discrimination under federal lawL22H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.t@kNt90  (  ^  S (RH   Z   c $9Z ( !  Z  zExclusive Representation Secret ballot elections among workers If union wins, it becomes the representative and the only representative of all of the workers in that group Uniqueness of this method more natural method is to let unions represent their members Replaced the practice of employers avoiding unions where they could and recognizing them where they had no choice The idea of asking their employees which union they wanted would never have occurred to themt=s]=s] H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.tnj(50 08(  ^  S (RH   Z   c $@JZ ( !  Z  .In the late 1930's the N.L.R.B. held 1000's of elections with millions of workers participating Over 80% of the time they chose to be represented by some union Courts went on to enhance worker rights To exempt unions almost completely from anti trust To uphold the right to strike To uphold the right to boycott To protect peaceful picketingL`@)`@)H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.uO Q0 zrP (  X  C (RH   . r  S . ( !  .  H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.?ft/0 zr` (  X  C (RH   Z r  S SZ ( !  Z  H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.@5'0 )!p(  X  C (RH   Z !  S 8YZ ( !  Z  i1934 N.Y. court enjoined African-American boycott of shoe store which refused to hire African Americans 6A(A(H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.Yd70 t(  X  C (RH   Z   S `Z ( !  Z  v$Unfair labor practices the concept 6  H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10. n0 ~(  X  C (RH   Z   S $hZ ( !  Z  JNo. III Communist Party and Unions hidden in this 3 lec plus movie version4H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.4`0 OG(  X  C (RH   Z G  S nZ ( !  Z  Showed Sacco and Vanzetti in first class and cut to three actual lecs Will show Sit Down and Fight in First class in WWII and cut that to two actual lecs,APH  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.6rpM^=`ibdf t W*4 0;8K;B EK0HFTIK -"Pl,(@ O[TW[W_yы!rfcek?pX2=`&tym=D .) 1K,Q8MOyeIFW`An5g xOh1L(8 / 0LDAriale00LL Ԗ-a0Ԗ@ .  @nOn-screen Showle moyne collegem3$ 5ArialDefault DesignThe 1920s and 1930sAdministrativeReviewTodayI. Developments in the AFLAFL and African-Americans(II. Brotherhood of Sleeping Car PortersPullmanIII. Employer Approaches$Implementation of the American PlanWelfare CapitalismIV. Court Decisions,Court Decisions Affecting African-AmericansV. The Railway Labor ActRailway Labor Act"VI. The Norris-LaGuardia Act 1932 Provisions Next Time1920s and the 1930sAdministrativeReviewToday6I. Roosevelt and the National Industrial Recovery Act3II. Background to the National Labor Relations ActAIII. Philosophy and Approach of the National Labor Relations ActApproach of the NLRAIV. Provisions of the NLRAProvisions of the NLRAProvisions - ULPsProvisions - RepresentationV. Impact of the NLRA Next TimeThe 1920s and 1930sAdministrativeReviewTodayI. The New DealII. Race at WorkRace in the UnionsIII. Unions in the DepressionOrganizing Boom BeginsIV. CIO Challenge to the AFLIV. CIO Challenge to the AFLCIOV. Sit-down EraSteelLittle Steel StrikeVI. EmployersMohawk Valley Formula%LaFollette Civil Liberties Committee Next Time  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles3_mDonnDonn՜.+,0     WOn-screen Showle moyne collegem3$ 5ArialDefault DesignThe 1920s and 1930sAdministrativeReviewTodayI. Developments in the AFLAFL and African-Americans(II. Brotherhood of Sleeping Car PortersPullmanIII. Employer Approaches$Implementation of the American PlanWelfare CapitalismIV. Court Decisions,Court Decisions Affecting African-AmericansV. The Railway Labor ActRailway Labor Act"VI. The Norris-LaGuardia Act 1932 Provisions Next Time1920s and the 1930sAdministrativeReviewToday6I. Roosevelt and the National Industrial Recovery Act3II. Background to the National Labor Relations ActAIII. Philosophy and Approach of the National Labor Relations ActApproach of the NLRAIV. Provisions of the NLRAProvisions of the NLRAProvisions - ULPsProvisions - RepresentationV. Impact of the NLRA Next TimeThe 1920s and 1930sAdministrativeReviewTodayI. The New DealII. Race at WorkRace in the UnionsIII. Unions in the DepressionOrganizing Boom BeginsIV. CIO Challenge to the AFLIV. CIO Challenge to the AFLCIOV. Sit-down EraSteelLittle Steel StrikeVI. EmployersMohawk Valley Formula%LaFollette Civil Liberties Committee Next Time  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles3_DonnDonn  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmopqnRoot EntrydO)@D Current User1,SummaryInformation( PowerPoint Document(mDocumentSummaryInformation8?" dd@  @@`` pmY    "#$%&')*+,-./012356789:;<=?@BCDEFGHIJKLMNPQRSTUVWXZ[\]^_`abcdefghjk 0AA@ʚ;_L.ʚ;g4XdXd4! -a0ppp@ <4dddd))0Ll  0___PPT10 ___PPT9/?  %AThe 1920s and 1930s<Class 1 Labor Movement Issues in the 1920s and Public PolicyAdministrative Reading for next class  Atkins v. Children s Hospital  Preamble to NLRA <33ReviewCompetition among AFL, IWW and Socialists in the Progressive Era Growing importance of labor injunctions, despite passage of the Clayton Act Growth of protective labor legislation Post-war period, Red Scare and Boston Police StrikeTodayDevelopments in the AFL Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Employer Approaches Court Decisions in the 1920s and 30s The Railway Labor Act The Norris-LaGuardia Act 0" " I. Developments in the AFLAFL emerged unchallenged as the center of the trade union movement Philosophy unchanged Gompers died in 1924 Replaced by William Green of the United Mine Workers  AFL and African-AmericansAFL found it could do little to prevent discrimination by its affiliates Unions usually discriminated African-Americans often served as strike breakers'II. Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters(((Porters were almost entirely African-American Almost all worked for Pullman Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters decided to make an outsider president Chose A. Philip Randolph PullmanBargained with unions of white conductors but for blacks had company dominated employee representation plan When union began to organize, Pullman brought in Filipinos to replace them on best runs Fired those identified as BSCP ringleaders Company refused to acknowledge BSCP at all III. Employer ApproachesfThe American Plan Another name for the Open Shop Promoted by the National Association of Manufacturers #Implementation of the American Plan$$(^Discrimination and blacklist Yellow Dog Contract Injunction Espionage Strike breaking Use of Detective Agencies and private police systems Employer Associations Company UnionsZWelfare CapitalismGrew out of Rockefeller and the Ludlow Massacre Harmony of Interest Doctrine In theory provided industrial democracy, better working conditions and better living conditions Key was still employee representation plans IV. Court DecisionsRTruax v. Corrigan S.C. 1921 Duplex v. Deering S.C.1921 Bedford Cut Stone S.C. 1927$!& +Court Decisions Affecting African-Americans,,(1934 N.Y. court enjoined African-American boycott of shoe store 1938 Supreme Court finally upheld right of blacks to organize boycotts of businesses which would not hire them "V. The Railway Labor ActgIssue of Federal Jurisdiction RLA was jointly drafted by labor and management Dislike of arbitration (Ih#Railway Labor Act(Emphasis on worker representation through union's and voluntary bargaining Outlawed interference by either side in other's choice of representatives Required employer to negotiate with representatives of his/her employees Texas and New Orleans Railroad v. Brotherhood of Railway Clerks S.C. 1930 $!VI. The Norris-LaGuardia Act 1932""(Conservative legislation Intent clearly pro union and pro bargaining Philosophy clearly laissez faire% ProvisionsMost Important  Made injunctions almost impossible to get from a federal court in a labor dispute Made Yellow dog contract unenforceable in federal court Protected specific self help measures& Next Time The National Labor Relations ActM,1920s and the 1930sLecture 2 NIRA and NLRAN-AdministrativeLReading for next class Two articles on  War Labor Board  Women s Work in California Airplane  Arbitrator Harry Shulman For following class read the first two essays&q/O.ReviewSupreme Court decisions undermining workers and unions Court decisions undermining any attempts by African-Americans to improve their employment situation Railway Labor Act (1926) Norris-LaGuardia Anti-Injunction Act (1932)P/TodaytRoosevelt s approach and the National Industrial Recovery Act Background to the National Labor Relations Act Philosophy and Approach of the NLRA Provisions of the NLRA Impact of the NLRA" Q05I. Roosevelt and the National Industrial Recovery Act66(n Roosevelt s Campaign Promises National Industrial Recovery Act  June 1933 Allowed industry to  collude to raise prices Provided for right to unionize Resulted in rapid union growth@LMLLR12II. Background to the National Labor Relations Act33(*Senator Wagner s bill Constitutionality  NLRB v. Jones and Laughlin Steel, SC 1937 Based in part on the desire to eliminate organizational strikes.ZZZS2@III. Philosophy and Approach of the National Labor Relations ActAA(Philosophy Unionism is good  unions and bargaining will help promote recovery and labor peace Workers should have the choice of which union, if any, represents them Workers have a right to withhold their labor * Z6Approach of the NLRAGovernment will intervene to protect the right to unionize, the right to bargain, and the right to strike Government will limit employer anti-union and anti-bargaining tacticsU4IV. Provisions of the NLRArHeart of the Act is section 7 "Employees shall have the right to self organization, to form, join or assist labor organizations, to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing and to engage in concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection"::[7Provisions of the NLRACCreated NLRB to oversee and enforce the Act Unfair labor practices\8Provisions - ULPs <Employers may not  restrain or coerce employees exercising their rights No company unions No discrimination to discourage union membership Refusal to bargain^9Provisions - RepresentationExclusive Representation Uniqueness of this method Replaced the practice of employers avoiding unions where they could and recognizing them where they had no choiceZV5V. Impact of the NLRAIn the late 1930's the N.L.R.B. held 1000's of elections with millions of workers participating By 1941 company unions had all but disappeared Courts went on to enhance worker rightsT3 Next TimeThe New Deal Racial Issues Developments in the Union Movement The  Sit-down strikes Employers in the 1930s -The 1920s and 1930s-Class 3 Workers and Trade Unions in the 1930s.Administrative:Reading for next time For class after (World War II) do the two readings on the War Labor Board and the one on Women s Work in a California Warplanes Factory&/ReviewNational Labor Relations Act  the Wagner Act Rights of workers to organize, to bargain and to strike Right of workers to elect their own representative if they want one Unfair labor practices and their consequences0TodayoThe New Deal Race at Work Unions in the Depression CIO Challenge to the AFL Sit-down Era Employers in the 1930sp" p7 I. The New DealgWhat was the New Deal? What programs did it involve? How successful was it? How did the depression end?1II. Race at WorkIn depression groups of whites tried to take over traditional black jobs and insisted employers fire blacks Much of New Deal accepted local segregationist practices National Industrial Recovery Act Impact of Wagner Act8!Race in the UnionsBlacks formed sharecropper unions in south but little success Unions affiliated with Trade Union Unity League often fought for equal pay for the races and the sexes 1934 AFL appointed committee to study racial discrimination2III. Unions in the Depression$Depression initially crippled unions as a collective bargaining instrument A.F.L.  Philosophy  Depression forced reconsideration of voluntarism :"Organizing Boom Begins1880's and 1930's only two periods in U.S. history of  organization from below Initially spurred by passage of N.I.R.A. Industrial unions made greatest gains 1934 amendments to Railway Labor Act specifically included Pullman 1934 west coast maritime strike6POdPOda:IV. CIO Challenge to the AFLCIO began as caucus within the AFL  Committee for Industrial Organization Fought in AFL for industrial charters When member unions expelled from AFL, reconstituted itself as the Congress of Industrial Organizations ;#IV. CIO Challenge to the AFL9Basic Reasons for the split? Power Principles Personality:@%CIO[Never really radical Never advocated voluntarism Believed in organizing across racial linesA&V. Sit-down EraWave of organizing strikes against employers who simply wouldn t talk to unions Began in rubber industry and spread to automobiles and steelB'SteelOrganizing Campaign in steel begun by the CIO in 1936 Steel Workers Organizing Committee Presence of communists among CIO organizers gave employers a propaganda toolJ*Little Steel StrikeResponse to offensive by the virulently anti-labor and reactionary president of Republic Steel, Tom Girdler Police fired on a peaceful picnic of strikers and their families in Chicago killing ten of them3 VI. 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