ࡱ> G.( / 0LDArialԖe0Ԗ0ll-a0@ .  @n?" dd@  @@`` q,  !"#%&()*+-./\]_`abl 0AA@}ʚ;0+ʚ;g4SdSdX! -a0ppp@ <4dddd8))0l 0___PPT10 ~___PPT9`X??  %$Civil War and Reconstruction Lecture 1AdministrativeReading for next class  all reading for this topic Essay Reminder CDReviewThe continued importance of forced labor in the American Republic The limited rights of free labor in the USA Early unions developed around crafts The government intervened early on the side of employers, criminal conspiracyTodayLWorkers during the Civil War African-American workers during ReconstructionM" MI- Workers During the Civil WarWhich side did most workers support? Why? How did working people participate in the War? What was the effect of the Emancipation Proclamation on worker attitudes?Workers During the Civil WarWhat role did African-American s and African-American workers play? How were they treated by the Union? How were they treated by white workers in the North? 13th amendment abolishing slavery was not adopted until after the war$B .II- African-American Workers in Reconstruction//(:Really three phases Immediately after the war, Andrew Johnson puts southern whites back in charge Reconstruction bans confederates and former slave owners from positions of power, beginning in 1867 End of reconstruction and the reinstallation of racialist society, by early 1870s Few of hopes of ex-slaves realized<ZZ#Z#Phase 1Former confederate states adopted  Black Codes. What were they? Widespread violence against freedpeople_ Phase 2Passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 Gave all Americans (except Native Americans) equal right to benefits of citizenship without regard to race Was routinely ignored in the South What was done in this period to distribute land to former slaves?6(B(BPhase 3Reinstitution of white control Creation of system of segregation Development of the sharecropping system What was this? How did it work? What was the impact on African-American farm workers&iUiU In the NorthEven in the north, continued employment segregation Also routinely paid less than white workers In both north and south, African-Americans resisted and demanded equal treatment Next Time8Alternative groups of workers Development of Unions 69!Civil War and Reconstruction9Lecture 2 Development of Unions and Working Class Protest"AdministrativeBReading for next time Essay reminder Not accepted any other time Don t put your name on the essay Hard copy and e-mail Read instructions, especially re citations&%}%}#ReviewURole of workers during the Civil War African-Americans in the Reconstruction period UVW?TodayrOther groups in the labor force National Labor Union Knights of Labor Colored National Labor Union Panic of 1873 s" sX@"I. Other Groups in the Labor Force##(Were African-Americans the only racial group to suffer significant discrimination? How were the Chinese treated? How were women treated? Still paid less Still subject to occupational segregation 8;;  II. National Labor UnionFounded 1866 President was William H. Silvis, 1st truly national labor leader Ended in 1872 over decision to emphasize currency reform and National Labor Party project Why would workers be interested in currency reform? Why no labor party in the United States?Z  -III. Knights of Labor: Origins and Philosophy..(Founded by nine Garment Cutters in Philadelphia, Dec. 1869 The Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor Membership open to anyone who had ever worked for a wage Knights of LaborSecret and highly ritualistic organization with quasi religious overtones Uriah Stephens  1st Grand Master Workman Trained for the Baptist Ministry Had to abandon school and become tailor after Panic of 1837 Stephens completely obsessed with secrecy<tZ]Z*Zt]*, Stephens Cultivate friendship among the great brotherhood of toil Eventually he became interested in politics and currency reform Ran for Congress on the Greenback ticket in 1878 and resigned from the Knights Goals and Philosophy"to raise the wage earner above the narrow view of his class, or trade or job Antithesis of craft unionism Objected in principle to strikes Alternatives Cooperation  definition Arbitration - definition&22 StructurepIndividual workers joined the Knights and its districts directly Also, whole unions affiliated and became districts Dominance of the  mixed district assembly More about Knights later IV. Colored National Labor Union!!(Founded in Washington, D.C. 1869 Called for equality of job opportunity and equality before the law Called for land for freedmen Endorsed the Republican Party&V. Panic of 1873 Almost total collapse of unionism 2/3 of national unions disappeared Union membership fell to less than 20% of its previous total Employers took advantage to promote racial divisions For an idea of what times were like in the coal mines, see the film  The Molly Macguires <"Z`ZZ"` 'Tomkins Square RiotTJanuary 1874 New York s unemployed rallied in Tomkins Square Mayor sent the police who began clubbing people on all sides Witnessed by a young cigar maker, Samuel Gompers( Next Time Begin Labor in the Gilded Age!!/%* + YZ[\f%P  0` 33` Sf3f` 33g` f` www3PP` ZXdbmo` \ғ3y`Ӣ` 3f3ff` 3f3FKf` hk]wwwfܹ` ff>>\`Y{ff` R>&- {p_/̴>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> $(    6LN   `}   T Click to edit Master title style! !  0P   `   RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     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C 0 0L.(  L^ L S H   R  L c $NR Hk 0I  R  $Membership open to anyone who had ever worked for a wage Excluded only capitalists, gamblers, drunks and lawyers Peak membership 1886 had 60,000 black members, about 10% membership Also advocated equal pay for women after 1878&99H L 0޽h/ ? 3380___PPT10.0@ 0 rj@P(  P^ P S H   R d P c $cR Hk 0I  R  Had to abandon school and become tailor after Panic of 1837 Stephens opposed admission of women and thus they were excluded for first ten years Why this opposition? 6=i=iH P 0޽h/ ? 3380___PPT10.1"0 PT2(  T^ T S H   R  T c $lR Hk 0I  R  ( H T 0޽h/ ? 3380___PPT10.X[i~ 0   `X (  X^ X S H   R   X c $DR Hk 0I  R  ^What role did African-American s and African-American workers play? African-Americans ran away from plantations in large numbers and tried to join the union army Others committed sabotage in the south How were they treated by the Union? Initially Union refused to let them join the army at all Later, when it did, it paid them less than whites until protests forced them to do otherwise Remember about 5 states that remained in the union were slave states at the beginning of the war How were they treated by white workers in the North? Black workers were treated badly by white workers who resented their competition In some cases riots against them. In other cases, struck to have them fired 13th amendment abolishing slavery was not adopted until after the war 14th amendment prohibited depriving anyone of life, liberty or property without due process of law 15th amendment denied states the right to deny anyone the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude How did southern states respond to these? They were required to adopt them DZZ%ZZ6ZZGZ0ZD  %  6     B     a    H X 0޽h/ ? 3380___PPT10.Yl"0 t2(  t^ t S H   R  t c $R Hk 0I  R  (Former confederate states adopted  Black Codes. What were they? Black codes prevented African-Americans from voting, holding offices, or receiving public services Designed to keep them at work Required them to have work contracts (vagrancy).&BBH t 0޽h/ ? 3380___PPT10.[C0 5-x(  x^ x S H   R ' x c $`R Hk 0I  R  yWhat was done in this period to distribute land to former slaves? Almost nothing done to distribute land to former slaves&B8B8H x 0޽h/ ? 3380___PPT10.\kB0 <4|(  |^ | S H   R . | c $8R Hk 0I  R  How did it work? Sharecropping based on getting the workers in debt and keeping them in debt. No way to make sure shares fairly doled out. Laws passed to make sure owner paid back even if it meant not enough left for workers to eat. Sharecroppers couldn t leave if they didn t pay off their debt completely for the year&00H | 0޽h/ ? 3380___PPT10.\9 0 2*(  ^  S H   R $  c $R Hk 0I  R  PCooperation  definition Cooperatives: Producer and Consumer How did they work? P&C, Agway, Harvard/MIT Coop. Why would worker organization want this? Exploitation? Arbitration - definition Arbitration: why would worker organizations want this? How did employers typically respond? Why?LddH  0޽h/ ? 3380___PPT10.I2  0 bZ(  ^  S H   R T  c $R Hk 0I  R  Why no labor party in the United States? Other parties adopted the issues Since US parties largely non-ideological, no obstacles to their taking the issues of others&*}*}H  0޽h/ ? 3380___PPT10.@X 0 ,(  ^  S H   R   c $R Hk 0I  R  "Molly Macguires were largely invention of the employers who staged attacks on some mines as an excuse to move in and crush not only the Ancient Order of Hibernians but unions generally First Trial of the Molly Macguires began January 1876. Special Prosecutor was Franklin Gowen, President of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Had some of the defense witnesses arrested for perjury on the way out of the court room. Basically all of the evidence came from a company spy who claimed that five of the men had confessed to him. One of those convicted was convicted on the testimony of an eye witness who was unable to identify him in court. Nineteen men were convicted and hanged while others were given prison sentences. Largely the evidence indicated that these men wanted a union. The Pittsburgh Gazette described them as  representing the spirit of French Communism. >  6NH  0޽h/ ? 3380___PPT10."6@0 TL|(  |^ | S H   R F | c $R Hk 0I  R  How were the Chinese treated? Riots against Chinese Even some labor groups that accepted African-Americans denied membership to Chinese 6jjH | 0޽h/ ? 3380___PPT10.gh(0 8(  ^  S H   R   c $PT Hk 0I  R  .Dominance of the  mixed district assembly Organization by geographic area rather than by craft or industry 6-A-AH  0޽h/ ? 3380___PPT10.g`0 (  ^  S H   T   c $T Hk 0I  T  PEndorsed the Republican Party Hoped to merge with the NLU but it never occurred 622H  0޽h/ ? 3380___PPT10.g0 h` (  ^  S H   T Z  c $HT Hk 0I  T  Witnessed by a young cigar maker, Samuel Gompers Who concluded that the radicalism of the rally frightened the authorities and provoked the powers that be 62j2jH  0޽h/ ? 3380___PPT10.hЭ0 ~(  ^  S H   , x  c $:, Hk 0I  ,  H  0޽h/ ? 3380___PPT10.GrO.Y?AcDFIeWGe 6SG) I8K!ORETu~dP_Xcf!06@%@vk .v>I*00psW`Ŵ`>|Jfއh1G.( / 0LDAriale00LLԖ-a0Ԗ@ .  @n?" dd@     On-screen Showle moyne college-` ArialDefault DesignCivil War and ReconstructionAdministrativeReviewToday I- Workers During the Civil WarWorkers During the Civil War/II- African-American Workers in ReconstructionPhase 1Phase 2Phase 3 In the North Next TimeCivil War and ReconstructionAdministrativeReviewToday#I. Other Groups in the Labor ForceII. National Labor Union.III. Knights of Labor: Origins and PhilosophyKnights of Labor StephensGoals and Philosophy Structure!IV. Colored National Labor UnionV. Panic of 1873Tomkins Square Riot Next Time  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles_ `DonnDonnDAriale00LLԖ-a0Ԗ@ .  @n?" dd@  @@`` q,  !"#%&()*+-./\]_`abl 0AA@}ʚ;0+ʚ;g4SdSdX! -a0ppp@ <4dddd))0L 0___PPT10 ~___PPT9`X??  %$Civil War and Reconstruction Lecture 1AdministrativeReading for next class  all reading for this topic Essay Reminder CDReviewThe continued importance of forced labor in the American Republic The limited rights of free labor in the USA Early unions developed around crafts The government intervened early on the side of employers, criminal conspiracyTodayLWorkers during the Civil War African-American workers during ReconstructionM" MI- Workers During the Civil WarWhich side did most workers support? Why? How did working people participate in the War? What was the effect of the Emancipation Proclamation on worker attitudes?Workers During the Civil WarWhat role did African-American s and African-American workers play? How were they treated by the Union? How were they treated by white workers in the North? 13th amendment abolishing slavery was not adopted until after the war$B .II- African-American Workers in Reconstruction//(:Really three phases Immediately after the war, Andrew Johnson puts southern whites back in charge Reconstruction bans confederates and former slave owners from positions of power, beginning in 1867 End of reconstruction and the reinstallation of racialist society, by early 1870s Few of hopes of ex-slaves realized<ZZ#Z#Phase 1Former confederate states adopted  Black Codes. What were they? Widespread violence against freedpeople_ Phase 2Passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 Gave all Americans (except Native Americans) equal right to benefits of citizenship without regard to race Was routinely ignored in the South What was done in this period to distribute land to former slaves?6(B(BPhase 3Reinstitution of white control Creation of system of segregation Development of the sharecropping system What was this? How did it work? What was the impact on African-American farm workers&iUiU In the NorthEven in the north, continued employment segregation Also routinely paid less than white workers In both north and south, African-Americans resisted and demanded equal treatment Next Time8Alternative groups of workers Development of Unions 69!Civil War and Reconstruction9Lecture 2 Development of Unions and Working Class Protest"AdministrativeBReading for next time Essay reminder Not accepted any other time Don t put your name on the essay Hard copy and e-mail Read instructions, especially re citations&%}%}#ReviewURole of workers during the Civil War African-Americans in the Reconstruction period UVW?TodayrOther groups in the labor force National Labor Union Knights of Labor Colored National Labor Union Panic of 1873 s" sX@"I. Other Groups in the Labor Force##(Were African-Americans the only racial group to suffer significant discrimination? How were the Chinese treated? How were women treated? Still paid less Still subject to occupational segregation 8;;  II. National Labor UnionFounded 1866 President was William H. Silvis, 1st truly national labor leader Ended in 1872 over decision to emphasize currency reform and National Labor Party project Why would workers be interested in currency reform? Why no labor party in the United States?Z  -III. Knights of Labor: Origins and Philosophy..(Founded by nine Garment Cutters in Philadelphia, Dec. 1869 The Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor Membership open to anyone who had ever worked for a wage Knights of LaborSecret and highly ritualistic organization with quasi religious overtones Uriah Stephens  1st Grand Master Workman Trained for the Baptist Ministry Had to abandon school and become tailor after Panic of 1837 Stephens completely obsessed with secrecy<tZ]Z*Zt]*, Stephens Cultivate friendship among the great brotherhood of toil Eventually he became interested in politics and currency reform Ran for Congress on the Greenback ticket in 1878 and resigned from the Knights Goals and Philosophy"to raise the wage earner above the narrow view of his class, or trade or job Antithesis of craft unionism Objected in principle to strikes Alternatives Cooperation  definition Arbitration - definition&22 StructurepIndividual workers joined the Knights and its districts directly Also, whole unions affiliated and became districts Dominance of the  mixed district assembly More about Knights later IV. Colored National Labor Union!!(Founded in Washington, D.C. 1869 Called for equality of job opportunity and equality before the law Called for land for freedmen Endorsed the Republican Party&V. Panic of 1873 Almost total collapse of unionism 2/3 of national unions disappeared Union membership fell to less than 20% of its previous total Employers took advantage to promote racial divisions For an idea of what times were like in the coal mines, see the film  The Molly Macguires <"Z`ZZ"` 'Tomkins Square Riot  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root EntrydO)pml@Current User ,SummaryInformation(PowerPoint Document(-`DocumentSummaryInformation8@  @@`` q,  !"#%&()*+-./\]_`abl 0AA@}ʚ;0+ʚ;g4SdSdX! -a0ppp@ <4dddd))0L 0___PPT10 ~___PPT9`X??  %$Civil War and Reconstruction Lecture 1AdministrativeReading for next class  all reading for this topic Essay Reminder CDReviewThe continued importance of forced labor in the American Republic The limited rights of free labor in the USA Early unions developed around crafts The government intervened early on the side of employers, criminal conspiracyTodayLWorkers during the Civil War African-American workers during ReconstructionM" MI- Workers During the Civil WarWhich side did most workers support? Why? How did working people participate in the War? What was the effect of the Emancipation Proclamation on worker attitudes?Workers During the Civil WarWhat role did African-American s and African-American workers play? How were they treated by the Union? How were they treated by white workers in the North? 13th amendment abolishing slavery was not adopted until after the war$B .II- African-American Workers in Reconstruction//(:Really three phases Immediately after the war, Andrew Johnson puts southern whites back in charge Reconstruction bans confederates and former slave owners from positions of power, beginning in 1867 End of reconstruction and the reinstallation of racialist society, by early 1870s Few of hopes of ex-slaves realized<ZZ#Z#Phase 1Former confederate states adopted  Black Codes. What were they? Widespread violence against freedpeople_ Phase 2Passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 Gave all Americans (except Native Americans) equal right to benefits of citizenship without regard to race Was routinely ignored in the South What was done in this period to distribute land to former slaves?6(B(BPhase 3Reinstitution of white control Creation of system of segregation Development of the sharecropping system What was this? How did it work? What was the impact on African-American farm workers&iUiU In the NorthEven in the north, continued employment segregation Also routinely paid less than white workers In both north and south, African-Americans resisted and demanded equal treatment Next Time8Alternative groups of workers Development of Unions 69!Civil War and Reconstruction9Lecture 2 Development of Unions and Working Class Protest"AdministrativeBReading for next time Essay reminder Not accepted any other time Don t put your name on the essay Hard copy and e-mail Read instructions, especially re citations&%}%}#ReviewURole of workers during the Civil War African-Americans in the Reconstruction period UVW?TodayrOther groups in the labor force National Labor Union Knights of Labor Colored National Labor Union Panic of 1873 s" sX@"I. Other Groups in the Labor Force##(Were African-Americans the only racial group to suffer significant discrimination? How were the Chinese treated? How were women treated? Still paid less Still subject to occupational segregation 8;;  II. National Labor UnionFounded 1866 President was William H. Silvis, 1st truly national labor leader Ended in 1872 over decision to emphasize currency reform and National Labor Party project Why would workers be interested in currency reform? Why no labor party in the United States?Z  -III. Knights of Labor: Origins and Philosophy..(Founded by nine Garment Cutters in Philadelphia, Dec. 1869 The Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor Membership open to anyone who had ever worked for a wage Knights of LaborSecret and highly ritualistic organization with quasi religious overtones Uriah Stephens  1st Grand Master Workman Trained for the Baptist Ministry Had to abandon school and become tailor after Panic of 1837 Stephens completely obsessed with secrecy<tZ]Z*Zt]*, Stephens Cultivate friendship among the great brotherhood of toil Eventually he became interested in politics and currency reform Ran for Congress on the Greenback ticket in 1878 and resigned from the Knights Goals and Philosophy"to raise the wage earner above the narrow view of his class, or trade or job Antithesis of craft unionism Objected in principle to strikes Alternatives Cooperation  definition Arbitration - definition&22 StructurepIndividual workers joined the Knights and its districts directly Also, whole unions affiliated and became districts Dominance of the  mixed district assembly More about Knights later IV. Colored National Labor Union!!(Founded in Washington, D.C. 1869 Called for equality of job opportunity and equality before the law Called for land for freedmen Endorsed the Republican Party&V. Panic of 1873 Almost total collapse of unionism 2/3 of national unions disappeared Union membership fell to less than 20% of its previous total Employers took advantage to promote racial divisions For an idea of what times were like in the coal mines, see the film  The Molly Macguires <"Z`ZZ"` 'Tomkins Square RiotTJanuary 1874 New York s unemployed rallied in Tomkins Square Mayor sent the police who began clubbing people on all sides Witnessed by a young cigar maker, Samuel Gompers( Next Time Begin Labor in the Gilded Age!!/%* + YZ[\f%P$0 `X4(  X^ X S H   R  X c $DR Hk 0I  R  *Z H X 0޽h/ ? 3380___PPT10.Ylr;Ȋgh1G.( / 0L Oh+'0| `h   Civil War and ReconstructionadministratorDonn107Microsoft PowerPoint@et@`ߺ~/@lGdg  *1  y--$xx--'@Arial-. 12 6Civil War and Reconstruction ."SystemH:-@Arial-. 2 KA Lecture 1.-՜.+,0TJanuary 1874 New York s unemployed rallied in Tomkins Square Mayor sent the police who began clubbing people on all sides Witnessed by a young cigar maker, Samuel Gompers( Next Time Begin Labor in the Gilded Age!!/%* + YZ[\f%P      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;0 ~t(  t^ t S H   R x t c $R Hk 0I  R  H t 0޽h/ ? 3380___PPT10.[C0 ~x(  x^ x S H   R x x c $`R Hk 0I  R  H x 0޽h/ ? 3380___PPT10.\kB0 ~|(  |^ | S H   R x | c $8R Hk 0I  R  H | 0޽h/ ? 3380___PPT10.\9@0 ~|(  |^ | S H   R x | c $R Hk 0I  R  H | 0޽h/ ? 3380___PPT10.ghr$ Y@*h1G.( / 0LDAriale00LLԖ-a0Ԗ@ .  @n?" dd@  @@`` q,  !"#%&()*+-./\]_`abl 0AA@}ʚ;0+ʚ;g4SdSdX! -a0ppp@ <4dddd))0L 0___PPT10 ~___PPT9`X??  %$Civil War and Reconstruction Lecture 1AdministrativeReading for next class  all reading for this topic Essay Reminder CDReviewThe continued importance of forced labor in the American Republic The limited rights of free labor in the USA Early unions developed around crafts The government intervened early on the side of employers, criminal conspiracyTodayLWorkers during the Civil War African-American workers during ReconstructionM" MI- Workers During the Civil WarWhich side did most workers support? Why? How did working people participate in the War? What was the effect of the Emancipation Proclamation on worker attitudes?Workers During the Civil WarWhat role did African-American s and African-American workers play? How were they treated by the Union? How were they treated by white workers in the North? 13th amendment abolishing slavery was not adopted until after the war$B .II- African-American Workers in Reconstruction//(:Really three phases Immediately after the war, Andrew Johnson puts southern whites back in charge Reconstruction bans confederates and former slave owners from positions of power, beginning in 1867 End of reconstruction and the reinstallation of racialist society, by early 1870s Few of hopes of ex-slaves realized<ZZ#Z#Phase 1Former confederate states adopted  Black Codes. What were they? Widespread violence against freedpeople_ Phase 2Passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 Gave all Americans (except Native Americans) equal right to benefits of citizenship without regard to race Was routinely ignored in the South What was done in this period to distribute land to former slaves?6(B(BPhase 3Reinstitution of white control Creation of system of segregation Development of the sharecropping system What was this? How did it work? What was the impact on African-American farm workers&iUiU In the NorthEven in the north, continued employment segregation Also routinely paid less than white workers In both north and south, African-Americans resisted and demanded equal treatment Next Time8Alternative groups of workers Development of Unions 69!Civil War and Reconstruction9Lecture 2 Development of Unions and Working Class Protest"AdministrativeBReading for next time Essay reminder Not accepted any other time Don t put your name on the essay Hard copy and e-mail Read instructions, especially re citations&%}%}#ReviewURole of workers during the Civil War African-Americans in the Reconstruction period UVW?TodayrOther groups in the labor force National Labor Union Knights of Labor Colored National Labor Union Panic of 1873 s" sX@"I. Other Groups in the Labor Force##(Were African-Americans the only racial group to suffer significant discrimination? How were the Chinese treated? How were women treated? Still paid less Still subject to occupational segregation 8;;  II. National Labor UnionFounded 1866 President was William H. Silvis, 1st truly national labor leader Ended in 1872 over decision to emphasize currency reform and National Labor Party project Why would workers be interested in currency reform? Why no labor party in the United States?Z  -III. Knights of Labor: Origins and Philosophy..(Founded by nine Garment Cutters in Philadelphia, Dec. 1869 The Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor Membership open to anyone who had ever worked for a wage Knights of LaborSecret and highly ritualistic organization with quasi religious overtones Uriah Stephens  1st Grand Master Workman Trained for the Baptist Ministry Had to abandon school and become tailor after Panic of 1837 Stephens completely obsessed with secrecy<tZ]Z*Zt]*, Stephens Cultivate friendship among the great brotherhood of toil Eventually he became interested in politics and currency reform Ran for Congress on the Greenback ticket in 1878 and resigned from the Knights Goals and Philosophy"to raise the wage earner above the narrow view of his class, or trade or job Antithesis of craft unionism Objected in principle to strikes Alternatives Cooperation  definition Arbitration - definition&22 StructurepIndividual workers joined the Knights and its districts directly Also, whole unions affiliated and became districts Dominance of the  mixed district assembly More about Knights later IV. Colored National Labor Union!!(Founded in Washington, D.C. 1869 Called for equality of job opportunity and equality before the law Called for land for freedmen Endorsed the Republican Party&V. Panic of 1873 Almost total collapse of unionism 2/3 of national unions disappeared Union membership fell to less than 20% of its previous total Employers took advantage to promote racial divisions For an idea of what times were like in the coal mines, see the film  The Molly Macguires <"Z`ZZ"` 'Tomkins Square RiotTJanuary 1874 New York s unemployed rallied in Tomkins Square Mayor sent the police who began clubbing people on all sides Witnessed by a young cigar maker, Samuel Gompers( Next Time Begin Labor in the Gilded Age!!/%* + YZ[\f%P 0 ~0L(  L^ L S H   R x L c $NR Hk 0I  R  H L 0޽h/ ? 3380___PPT10.0@ 0 ~@P(  P^ P S H   R x P c $cR Hk 0I  R  H P 0޽h/ ? 3380___PPT10.1 0 ~(  ^  S H   R x  c $R Hk 0I  R  H  0޽h/ ? 3380___PPT10.I2  0 ~(  ^  S H   R x  c $R Hk 0I  R  H  0޽h/ ? 3380___PPT10.@X0 ~(  ^  S H   R x  c $R Hk 0I  R  H  0޽h/ ? 3380___PPT10."60 ~(  ^  S H   R x  c $PT Hk 0I  R  H  0޽h/ ? 3380___PPT10.g`0 ~(  ^  S H   T x  c $T Hk 0I  T  H  0޽h/ ? 3380___PPT10.gr4z "%$* &)Z +-V+/h1G.( / 0LDAriale00LLԖ-a0Ԗ@ .  @n?" dd@  @@`` q,  !"#%&()*+-./\]_`abl 0AA@}ʚ;0+ʚ;g4SdSdX! -a0ppp@ <4dddd))0L 0___PPT10 ~___PPT9`X??  %$Civil War and Reconstruction Lecture 1AdministrativeReading for next class  all reading for this topic Essay Reminder CDReviewThe continued importance of forced labor in the American Republic The limited rights of free labor in the USA Early unions developed around crafts The government intervened early on the side of employers, criminal conspiracyTodayLWorkers during the Civil War African-American workers during ReconstructionM" MI- Workers During the Civil WarWhich side did most workers support? Why? How did working people participate in the War? What was the effect of the Emancipation Proclamation on worker attitudes?Workers During the Civil WarWhat role did African-American s and African-American workers play? How were they treated by the Union? How were they treated by white workers in the North? 13th amendment abolishing slavery was not adopted until after the war$B .II- African-American Workers in Reconstruction//(:Really three phases Immediately after the war, Andrew Johnson puts southern whites back in charge Reconstruction bans confederates and former slave owners from positions of power, beginning in 1867 End of reconstruction and the reinstallation of racialist society, by early 1870s Few of hopes of ex-slaves realized<ZZ#Z#Phase 1Former confederate states adopted  Black Codes. What were they? Widespread violence against freedpeople_ Phase 2Passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 Gave all Americans (except Native Americans) equal right to benefits of citizenship without regard to race Was routinely ignored in the South What was done in this period to distribute land to former slaves?6(B(BPhase 3Reinstitution of white control Creation of system of segregation Development of the sharecropping system What was this? How did it work? What was the impact on African-American farm workers&iUiU In the NorthEven in the north, continued employment segregation Also routinely paid less than white workers In both north and south, African-Americans resisted and demanded equal treatment Next Time8Alternative groups of workers Development of Unions 69!Civil War and Reconstruction9Lecture 2 Development of Unions and Working Class Protest"AdministrativeBReading for next time Essay reminder Not accepted any other time Don t put your name on the essay Hard copy and e-mail Read instructions, especially re citations&%}%}#ReviewURole of workers during the Civil War African-Americans in the Reconstruction period UVW?TodayrOther groups in the labor force National Labor Union Knights of Labor Colored National Labor Union Panic of 1873 s" sX@"I. Other Groups in the Labor Force##(Were African-Americans the only racial group to suffer significant discrimination? How were the Chinese treated? How were women treated? Still paid less Still subject to occupational segregation 8;;  II. National Labor UnionFounded 1866 President was William H. Silvis, 1st truly national labor leader Ended in 1872 over decision to emphasize currency reform and National Labor Party project Why would workers be interested in currency reform? Why no labor party in the United States?Z  -III. Knights of Labor: Origins and Philosophy..(Founded by nine Garment Cutters in Philadelphia, Dec. 1869 The Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor Membership open to anyone who had ever worked for a wage Knights of LaborSecret and highly ritualistic organization with quasi religious overtones Uriah Stephens  1st Grand Master Workman Trained for the Baptist Ministry Had to abandon school and become tailor after Panic of 1837 Stephens completely obsessed with secrecy<tZ]Z*Zt]*, Stephens Cultivate friendship among the great brotherhood of toil Eventually he became interested in politics and currency reform Ran for Congress on the Greenback ticket in 1878 and resigned from the Knights Goals and Philosophy"to raise the wage earner above the narrow view of his class, or trade or job Antithesis of craft unionism Objected in principle to strikes Alternatives Cooperation  definition Arbitration - definition&22 StructurepIndividual workers joined the Knights and its districts directly Also, whole unions affiliated and became districts Dominance of the  mixed district assembly More about Knights later IV. Colored National Labor Union!!(Founded in Washington, D.C. 1869 Called for equality of job opportunity and equality before the law Called for land for freedmen Endorsed the Republican Party&V. Panic of 1873 Almost total collapse of unionism 2/3 of national unions disappeared Union membership fell to less than 20% of its previous total Employers took advantage to promote racial divisions For an idea of what times were like in the coal mines, see the film  The Molly Macguires <"Z`ZZ"` 'Tomkins Square RiotTJanuary 1874 New York s unemployed rallied in Tomkins Square Mayor sent the police who began clubbing people on all sides Witnessed by a young cigar maker, Samuel Gompers( Next Time Begin Labor in the Gilded Age!!/%* + YZ[\f%P0  (  ^  S H   T   c $HT Hk 0I  T   H  0޽h/ ? 3380___PPT10.hЭr/\]g/_h1