ࡱ> ~{|}L(8 / 0LDArialԖe0Ԗ0ll-a0@ .  @n?" dd@  @@`` xnL    !"#$%'(3456789:<=>?@ABDFGHIJNOQRSTXZ\]^_`abdefghijklm 0AA@ʚ;*ʚ;g4QdQd& -a0ppp@ <4dddd8))0l 0___PPT10 ___PPT9?  %BFree and Unfree LaborLecture 1 Antebellum SlaveryZ@Administrative_Reading for next class Newman Internship reminder Essay Reminder Return quizzes at end of classReviewFactory Work and the Challenges it provided to both workers and employers Issues of most concern to workers Employer responses in the antebellum period and their similarity to employer responses todayToday|Slavery as a system of labor extraction Extent of slavery Slavery as an employment relationship Genovese Fogel and Engermann}" },i 'I- Slavery as a Labor Extraction System(((People have analyzed slavery from a variety of perspectives For our purposes, we ll view it primarily as a system to extract labor from slaves Masters initiated slavery as a labor system It was a way to earn income from the work of others&``-Slavery as a Human Resource Management System..(It is a system of rule-making to govern the relationships between managers and the managed  system of recruiting, selecting, training, motivating and compensating workers It differs from others in two basic ways Differences Considerably more extreme in terms of authority granted to employers Employer authority extends beyond work*ll II- Extent of SlaveryB1790 Virginia About 4 million slaves by 1860 Pattern of Employment Slave Tasks - MaleWLarge majority served as field hands Others served in variety of trades and occupations Occupations slaves followed`Engineers Coopers Blacksmiths Stonemasons Mechanics Weavers Worked in factories and on railroads  Slave Tasks - femaleIn colonial period large majority of females worked as field hands After 1800 that gradually decreased although a majority always remained field hands Other tasks included household and domestic work, spinning, and tending animals *III- Slavery as an employment relationship++(Role of Masters Small farms Most farms small enough that masters worked alongside slaves Most slave owners had fewer than 20 slaves 6hh Role of Masters - PlantationsMost slaves on plantations large enough that master didn t work with them So relationship more typically employer-employee than fellow worker Discretion of master to set work Gang system Task System& Working ConditionsCommonly  sun up to sun down but could be longer Work often stopped early on Saturdays and not normal to work on Sundays although not unheard of Slaves might be expected to do much of their own work at these times, e.g. tending their own garden plotsWorking ConditionsiMaster determined size of work force Master determined techniques of motivation Techniques of Motivation?'Role of slaves in the employment system(((No formal role in determination of rules Sometimes considerable informal role Even in such an extreme system, at some level the consent of the employees is requiredRole of slavesTestimony of overseers and masters Masters clearly feared slave resistance and especially violent resistance Examples 1800 1000 armed slaves marched on Richmond 1811 400 rebellious slaves in Louisiana subdued by troops 1831 Nat Turner s rebellion *vZZvSlave ResistanceExtensive evidence of slave resistance Shows clearly the lack of truth behind such assertions as that slaves didn t desire freedom, slaves were not intelligent or that slaves were lazy Shows extent that whites would go to justify a system that could not be justifiedbA IV. GenoveseGenovese  Were slaves lazy or hard working? What was his evidence? *RV- Time on the Cross  Fogel and Engerman**(((Major work on the history and economics of American slavery Methodology largely statistical Focused on three hypotheses, two of which were novel+Fogel and Engerman Hypotheses(Consumption patterns of slaves compared favorably to those of northern white workers Economic rationality prevented slavery from being a system of extreme and unremitting cruelty Slave plantations were more efficient than northern family farms because slaves were so industrious" Z Next TimejFirst unions and early unionism Attitude of government toward early unions Race, Sex and the Working Class&Free and Unfree Labor)Lecture 2 Unions, Unionism and GovernmentgBAdministrative$Reading for next time Essay Reminder(Review;Slavery as a system of Labor Extraction The vast extent of slavery in the antebellum United States Slaves had no formal control over their work lives but occasionally significant informal control Regular resistance to abusive work conditions Evidence of Genovese on diligence of slaves Fogel and Engerman Hypotheses<Z<, )TodayThe First Unions Early Unions  Membership and Policies Government and the unions Race, sex and the working classr" r,I- The First Unions*What is a labor union?  A continuous association of wage earners for the purpose of maintaining or improving the conditions of their working lives -The First UnionistsWhat kinds of workers formed the earliest unions in the United States? Were they factory workers? Were they low-skilled or highly skilled workers? Why were they the ones to form the early unions?. First UnionsJourneymen Cordwainers of Philadelphia 1792 What were cordwainers? Journeymen Printers of New York 1795 Why might printers be among the first to unionize?/  Early UnionsDAfter 1800, widespread organization of skilled workers Printers, shoemakers, tailors, carpenters, cabinet makers, shipwrights, coopers, weavers, building trades, millwrights, stonecutters, and hatters All focused on economic action, not mutual benefits Organized single skilled occupation#Z#5!Union BehaviorEconomic action v. mutual benefits Mutual benefits Older model preceding the earliest unions Protected members from death and in some cases illness or unemployment Economic action Focused on dealing with employers Withdrew labor when they felt it necessaryL4qM4qM7$ Union RulesTypically proceedings and membership kept secret Oath to abide by agreed wage scale Promise to assist fellow members to gain employment ahead of any others :% TechniquesCollective Bargaining  more emphasis on closed shop than at any time since Individuals or committees would inspect workplaces (often in secret) for compliance with union rules Turnouts, often fought out largely in newspapers 8#II- Early Unions - MembershipMake up of these early unions generally entirely white and male Women and African-Americans Even various immigrant groups often excluded, e.g. the Irish;& Early UnionsqEarly unions almost entirely based around a single occupation, usually a craft Non-craft workers Frequent strikesO;Unions and the Business Cycle6Did unions do better in prosperity or depression? Why?U=1850sClosing of the Frontier  Impact on Workers? At the same time, the first unions of common laborers emergedJ6Attempts at Labor UnityLong history of attempts to bring workers and their various unions together First in Philadelphia in 1827, Mechanics Union of Trade Associations By the 1830s many cities had  city central trade councils P7!Attempts at National Organization""(BNational Trades Union 1834-1837 President was a printer, Ely Moore<' 10 Hour DayMost abiding goal By 1840 most skilled trade workers in major Eastern cities had it. Most factory workers did not State legislatures flooded with petitions for it and a few granted it Legislatures dominated by business people so not sympathetic=(#III- The Law of Criminal Conspiracy$$(Definition of conspiracy Two or more persons may not band together to prejudice the rights of others Based on English Common Law@+HPhiladelphia Cordwainers Case  1806%%(Accusations against the workers Conspiring to achieve artificially high wages by threats Conspiring not to work for masters who didn't pay the rates Conspiring to prevent others from working for masters who didn't pay the rates  A, Prosecutor"Is there any man who can calculate (if this is to be tolerated) at what price he may safely contract to deliver articles for which he may receive orders, if he is to be regulated by the journeymen in an arbitrary jump from one price to another?" B-Verdict6Jury Judge  instructions to jury Can interpret this as attempt to benefit members or to injure nonmembers Law condemns both Unions illegal on their face6"]"]I1Commonwealth v. Hunt 1842Further developments in the law of criminal conspiracy as applied to unions Facts Boston Journeymen Bootmakers organized a strike Employer had hired a non-unionist Object was to force employer to cease violating the closed shop 2RRd xK2VerdictObject of the union was to get all members of the occupation to join so as to increase the organization's power Means chosen clearly legal and no showing that power, once achieved, would be used for illegal ends Hence, since neither means nor ends illegal, organization not illegalM4Impact on EmployersLooked elsewhere to justify help from government Property Doctrine Any interference with their use of their property should be illegal Workers have no property rights in their jobs Military and police frequently were available to help protect employers property rights&CCN5Other Employer ToolsSpies Firing unionists Blacklists Yellow Dog Contracts Control of publicity (e.g. association of unions and strikes with foreign ideologies)X>#IV- Race, Sex and the Working Class$$(How did white workers react to African-American workers among them? 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339 1 ___PPT10 ..v +[W_D' = @B D\' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*1%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*1T%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T%(+8+0+0 +Q  0 P(  r  S , `}     S , `<$0  H  0޽h ? 339 1 ___PPT10 ..w#+[W_D' = @B D\' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*L%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*L%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+8+0+0 +Q  0 P(  r  S  `}     S  `<$0  H  0޽h ? 339 1 ___PPT10 ..v+[W_D' = @B D\' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*@%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*@\%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\%(+8+0+0 +Q  0 P(  r  S 4 `}     S 4 `<$0  H  0޽h ? 339 1 ___PPT10 .. +[W_D' = @B D\' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*O%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Oa%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*ar%(+8+0+0 + 0 `P(  `r ` S ! `}    ` S "0 `<$0  H ` 0޽h ? 33___PPT10..` +[W_D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*`2%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*`27%(+8+0+`0 + 0 hP(  hr h S , `}    h S - `<$0  H h 0޽h ? 33___PPT10..PZ |+[W_D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h-%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h.l%(+8+0+h0 +Q  0 0LP(  Lr L S 7 `}    L S 8 `<$0  H L 0޽h ? 339 1 ___PPT10 ..1i+[W_D' = @B D\' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*LL%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*LL%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*L%(+8+0+L0 +Q  0 @PP(  Pr P S  C `}    P S EP `<$0  H P 0޽h ? 339 1 ___PPT10 .. +[W_D' = @B D\' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P %(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P C%(+8+0+P0 +   0 P(  r  S P `}     S Q `<$0  H  0޽h ? 33  ___PPT10 ..ë+[W_D* ' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*s%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*s%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+8+0+0 +Q   0  P(  r  S $\ `}     S $]P `<$0  H  0޽h ? 339 1 ___PPT10 .. +[W_D' = @B D\' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*e%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*e%(+8+0+0 +   0 `P(  r  S Xj `}     S Xk `<$0  H  0޽h ? 33  ___PPT10 ..VJ +[W_D* ' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* Y%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Y%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+8+0+0 +} 0 p$(  r  S w `}   r  S x `  H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i. +D=' = @B +c 0  P(   r   S  `}      S  `<$0  H   0޽h ? 33KC___PPT10#.. +[W_D ' = @B Dn ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* "%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* "l%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* l%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(+8+0+ 0 + 0 8P(  8r 8 S   `}    8 S   `<$0  H 8 0޽h ? 33  ___PPT10s ..@ŷ>+[W_D ' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8L%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8LR%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8R%(DZ' =%(D' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8%(+8+0+80 +Q  0 <P(  <r < S 0 `}    < S P `<$0  H < 0޽h ? 339 1 ___PPT10 ..I+[W_D' = @B D\' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<p%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<p%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<%(+8+0+<0 +c 0 DP(  Dr D S  `}    D S ث `<$0  H D 0޽h ? 33KC___PPT10#..+[W_D ' = @B Dn ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*D1%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*D1C%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*DC%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*D%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*D%(+8+0+D0 +c 0  HP(  Hr H S P `}    H S < `<$0  H H 0޽h ? 33KC___PPT10#..Z+[W_D ' = @B Dn ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*H%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*H%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*H"%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*H"7%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*H7%(+8+0+H0 +  0 tP(  tr t S ` `}    t S L `<$0  H t 0޽h ? 33  ___PPT10 ..+[W_D* ' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*tD%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*tDx%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*tx%(D' =%(D)' =%(D' =ABBB@B0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t%(+8+0+t0 +$ 0 x$(  xr x S P `}   r x S 4 `  H x 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.Њ 0 H@8(  8^ 8 S 4RH   : 8 c $4 !   fPeople have analyzed slavery from a variety of perspectives Have looked at slavery as a way of regulating race relations. But slavery long pre-dates African slavery Masters initiated slavery as a labor system Have looked at slavery as a legal and political system but its legal and political aspects were created because masters desired the labor of slavesL<j-<j-H 8 0jB ? 3380___PPT10..o.0 <>(  <^ < S 4RH    < c $T4 !   4Employer authority extends beyond work In order to make certain nothing interfered with ability of employer to extract work from slaves They were treated like tools, there to serve the master without interests or feelings that mattered at all&''H < 0jB ? 3380___PPT10.Vu(0 @8(  @^ @ S 4RH    @ c $<=4 !   .Others served in variety of trades and occupations However white artisans objected vehemently to training slaves in crafts. Why? Didn t want to compete with slaves. Demeaned their status to have African-Americans doing the same work as they did&33H @ 0jB ? 3380___PPT10.@Xlt0 D(  D^ D S 4RH   = D c $L =4 !  = z8Worked in factories and on railroads In some cases slaves did this work directly for their masters or their masters hired them out In many other cases, the employer acted as a kind of temporary employment agency, finding employment for the slave who gave the employer a portion of his wages and supported himself&%%H D 0jB ? 3380___PPT10.; 0 H@(  ^  S 4RH   =:  c $=4 !  = Slavery as an employment relationship Not analogous to other employment relationships in that actually gave ownership of a person to another&&g&gH  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.`ty 0  (  ^  S 4RH   =z  c $04 !  = Gang system v. task system. Define each Extensive literature on the relative advantages of each as on other aspects of slave management Similar to contemporary literature on pay by time v. pay by output&H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.k 0 d\0(  ^  S 4RH   =V  c $@#=4 !  = Techniques of motivation Positive  more food, holidays, winning easier jobs, keeping family together, ultimately manumission Negative  corporal punishment Closing slave trade dramatically increased price of slaves and probably reduced physical abuse. Other negative inducements were threat of sale further south or sale of family members&<<H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.Ѵw0 @(  ^  S 4RH   =  c $=4 !  = }Testimony of overseers and masters Clearly indicate difficulty of getting unwilling slaves to work Masters clearly feared slave resistance and especially violent resistance Slave rebellions typically put down with ferocity and cruelty`#@J>#@J>H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.B:0 J(  ^  S 4RH   =  c $C=4 !  = @,1- a novel argument and one that seems not well supported by their data. More recent research shows that working-age slaves reasonably well fed but children quite malnourished. This despite financial interest of masters in healthy slave children 2- an old and widely accepted argument although overstated here. Misuse of data (using small samples and misrepresenting them) For example, take data from one master s diary and count whipping only where he named the slaves. Ignore entries where he  whipped everyone in sight and present the data in the way likely to indicate the least cruelty (e.g. even if we take the diary as they do, was one whipping every 4.5 days which could be more than enough to create an atmosphere of terror) 3- a novel argument but one we won t worry aboutH  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.s@V$0 f(  ^  S 4RH   =  c $T=4 !  = \HCan already predict that there will be problems with the Catholic ChurchH  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.v#'0 :2@(  ^  S 4RH   =,  c $T]=4 !  = ~Legislatures dominated by business people New Hampshire 1847, Pennsylvania 1848 passed 10 hour laws but only when the employer and employee did not  voluntarily make alternative arrangements&**H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.Df(0 $v(  $^ $ S 4RH   = $ c $he=4 !  = l*Based on English Common Law Conspiracy included activities that might be perfectly legal if done alone Example  banding together to keep prices high&zzH $ 0jB ? 3380___PPT10.PA+0 qi((  (^ ( S 4RH   =c ( c $dm=4 !  = Conspiring to prevent others from working for masters who didn't pay the rates All this arose from workers adopting schedule of rates and demanding its adoption or work would cease &OgOgH ( 0jB ? 3380___PPT10.s-0 p(  p^ p S 4RH   = p c $dv=4 !  = yJury Consisted entirely of businessmen Unions illegal on their face This view, that unions were illegal on their face, prevailed for the next 35 years and had some importance well beyond that Impact was that employers came to rely on the state to help them counter unionsL""H p 0jB ? 3380___PPT10.#V0 zr (  X  C 4RH   =r  S =4 !  = H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.,x#0 2*(  X  C 4RH   =*  S H=4 !  = rWomen and African-Americans Women and African-Americans often had to form their own unions if they wanted to join 6VVH  0jB ? 3380___PPT10..D&0   (  X  C 4RH   =   S =4 !  = +Non-craft workers Mid-1830s saw first organizing among non-craft workers, cotton factory and sheet iron workers but organizations short-lived Frequent strikes Called by craft unions - usually attributed by employers to foreign agitators Similar to employer rhetoric about outside agitators today `||H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10..h=0 zr@ (  X  C 4RH   =r  S ء=4 !  = Closing of the frontier Increased competition among workers for jobs thus tended to drive down wages and conditions At the same time, the first unions of common laborers emerged But they didn t last `\?\?H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10./pP.$60 P4(  X  C 4RH   =  S <=4 !  = 6First in Philadelphia in 1827, Mechanics Union of Trade Associations First to bring multiple crafts together By the 1830s many cities had  city central trade councils Bringing together the craft unions in those cities `E(=3E(=3H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10./XX70 3+`(  X  C 4RH   =+  S D=4 !  = sPresident was a printer, Ely Moore Eventually Moore was elected to Congress where he endeavored to speak for labor 6#P#PH  0jB ? 3380___PPT10./ Az20 p(  X  C 4RH   =  S  =4 !  = "Hence, since neither means nor ends illegal, organization not illegal Importance of verdict in Commonwealth v. Hunt Said unions not illegal on their face Further said that normal union goals and means to achieve them were legal Precedent that was widely, although not universally, followed NF.F. H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.00 zr (  X  C 4RH   =r  S ,=4 !  = H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10. yXA0 (  X  C 4RH   =  S =4 !  = jGenovese  Were slaves lazy or hard working? What was his evidence? In reconstruction, former slaves demanded their own land and worked quite hard when they got it Slaves working their own garden plots and hunting, fishing and trapping on their own time Voluntary work on Sundays to supplement family incomes&EEH  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.诇F0 V(  X  C 4RH   =  S =4 !  = X1790 Virginia 66 slaves for every 100 Europeans Pattern of Employment About 5/6 employed in agriculture and 1/6 outside agriculture Almost of those employed in agriculture worked in cotton, with the US producing of the world s supply in 1850 L##H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.M 0 {(  X  C 4RH   {  S L74 !    H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.kNӱ$rd0L]bCnp~+TѸVjnq v* p":"PyX|hTA=(AD#M/(GO]k4 Ӈy7pͥt&@`  ss5I0.M@9]JxUOWZhe`ӤprYo!۶ݸ?g1L(8 / 0LDAriale00LLԖ-a0free LaborAdministrativeReviewToday(I- Slavery as a Labor Extraction System.Slavery as a Human Resource Management SystemII- Extent of SlaverySlave Tasks - MaleOccupations slaves followedSlave Tasks - female+III- Slavery as an employment relationshipRole of Masters - PlantationsWorking ConditionsWorking Conditions(Role of slaves in the employment systemRole of slavesSlave Resistance IV. Genovese*V- Time on the Cross Fogel and EngermanFogel and Engerman Hypotheses Next TimeFree and Unfree LaborAdministrativeReviewTodayI- The First UnionsThe First Unionists First Unions Early UnionsUnion Behavior Union Rules TechniquesII- Early Unions - Membership Early UnionsUnions and the Business Cycle1850sAttempts at Labor Unity"Attempts at National Organization 10 Hour Day$III- The Law of Criminal Conspiracy%Philadelphia Cordwainers Case 1806 ProsecutorVerdictCommonwealth v. Hunt 1842VerdictImpact on EmployersOther Employer Tools$IV- Race, Sex and the Working Class Next Time  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles1_t&DonnDonn  @@`` xnL    !"#$%'(3456789:<=>?@ABDFGHIJNOQRSTXZ\]^_`abdefghijklm 0AA@ʚ;*ʚ;g4QdQd&-a0ppp@ <4dddd))0L 0___PPT10 ___PPT9?  %BFree and Unfree LaborLecture 1 Antebellum SlaveryZ@Administrative_Reading for next class Newman Internship reminder Essay Reminder Return quizzes at end of classReviewFactory Work and the Challenges it provided to both workers and employers Issues of most concern to workers Employer responses in the antebellum period and their similarity to employer responses todayToday|Slavery as a system of labor extraction Extent of slavery Slavery as an employment relationship Genovese Fogel and Engermann}" },i 'I- Slavery as a Labor Extraction System(((People have analyzed slavery from a variety of perspectives For our purposes, we ll view it primarily as a system to extract labor from slaves Masters initiated slavery as a labor system It was a way to earn income from the work of others&``-Slavery as a Human Resource Management System..(It is a system of rule-making to govern the relationships between managers and the managed  system of recruiting, selecting, training, motivating and compensating workers It differs from others in two basic ways Differences Considerably more extreme in terms of authority granted to employers Employer authority extends beyond work*ll II- Extent of SlaveryB1790 Virginia About 4 million slaves by 1860 Pattern of Employment Slave Tasks - MaleWLarge majority served as field hands Others served in variety of trades and occupations Occupations slaves followed`Engineers Coopers Blacksmiths Stonemasons Mechanics Weavers Worked in factories and on railroads  Slave Tasks - femaleIn colonial period large majority of females worked as field hands After 1800 that gradually decreased although a majority always remained field hands Other tasks included household and domestic work, spinning, and tending animals *III- Slavery as an employment relationship++(Role of Masters Small farms Most farms small enough that masters worked alongside slaves Most slave owners had fewer than 20 slaves 6hh Role of Masters - PlantationsMost slaves on plantations large enough that master didn t work with them So relationship more typically employer-employee than fellow worker Discretion of master to set work Gang system Task System& Working ConditionsCommonly  sun up to sun down but could be longer Work often stopped early on Saturdays and not normal to work on Sundays although not unheard of Slaves might be expected to do much of their own work at these times, e.g. tending their own garden plotsWorking ConditionsiMaster determined size of work force Master determined techniques of motivation Techniques of Motivation?'Role of slaves in the employment system(((No formal role in determination of rules Sometimes considerable informal role Even in such an extreme system, at some level the consent of the employees is requiredRole of slavesTestimony of overseers and masters Masters clearly feared slave resistance and especially violent resistance Examples 1800 1000 armed slaves marched on Richmond 1811 400 rebellious slaves in Louisiana subdued by troops 1831 Nat Turner s rebellion *vZZvSlave ResistanceExtensive evidence of slave resistance Shows clearly the lack of truth behind such assertions as that slaves didn t desire freedom, slaves were not intelligent or that slaves were lazy Shows extent that whites would go to justify a system that could not be justifiedbA IV. GenoveseGenovese  Were slaves lazy or hard working? What was his evidence? *RV- Time on the Cross  Fogel and Engerman**(((Major work on the history and economics of American slavery Methodology largely statistical Focused on three hypotheses, two of which were novel+Fogel and Engerman Hypotheses(Consumption patterns of slaves compared favorably to those of northern white workers Economic rationality prevented slavery from being a system of extreme and unremitting cruelty Slave plantations were more efficient than northern family farms because slaves were so industrious" Z Next TimejFirst unions and early unionism Attitude of government toward early unions Race, Sex and the Working Class&Free and Unfree Labor)Lecture 2 Unions, Unionism and GovernmentgBAdministrative$Reading for next time Essay Reminder(Review;Slavery as a system of Labor Extraction The vast extent of slavery in the antebellum United States Slaves had no formal control over their work lives but occasionally significant informal control Regular resistance to abusive work conditions Evidence of Genovese on diligence of slaves Fogel and Engerman Hypotheses<Z<, )TodayThe First Unions Early Unions  Membership and Policies Government and the unions Race, sex and the working classr" r,I- The First Unions*What is a labor union?  A continuous association of wage earners for the purpose of maintaining or improving the conditions of their working lives -The First Unionists  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abdeghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzRoot EntrydO)0h Current User-,SummaryInformation(HPowerPoint Document(&DocumentSummaryInformation8fcԖ@ .  @n?" dd@  @@`` xnL    !"#$%'(3456789:<=>?@ABDFGHIJNOQRSTXZ\]^_`abdefghijklm 0AA@ʚ;*ʚ;g4QdQd&-a0ppp@ <4dddd))0L 0___PPT10 ___PPT9?  %BFree and Unfree LaborLecture 1 Antebellum SlaveryZ@Administrative_Reading for next class Newman Internship reminder Essay Reminder Return quizzes at end of classReviewFactory Work and the Challenges it provided to both workers and employers Issues of most concern to workers Employer responses in the antebellum period and their similarity to employer responses todayToday|Slavery as a system of labor extraction Extent of slavery Slavery as an employment relationship Genovese Fogel and Engermann}" },i 'I- Slavery as a Labor Extraction System(((People have analyzed slavery from a variety of perspectives For our purposes, we ll view it primarily as a system to extract labor from slaves Masters initiated slavery as a labor system It was a way to earn income from the work of others&``-Slavery as a Human Resource Management System..(It is a system of rule-making to govern the relationships between managers and the managed  system of recruiting, selecting, training, motivating and compensating workers It differs from others in two basic ways Differences Considerably more extreme in terms of authority granted to employers Employer authority extends beyond work*ll II- Extent of SlaveryB1790 Virginia About 4 million slaves by 1860 Pattern of Employment Slave Tasks - MaleWLarge majority served as field hands Others served in variety of trades and occupations Occupations slaves followed`Engineers Coopers Blacksmiths Stonemasons Mechanics Weavers Worked in factories and on railroads  Slave Tasks - femaleIn colonial period large majority of females worked as field hands After 1800 that gradually decreased although a majority always remained field hands Other tasks included household and domestic work, spinning, and tending animals *III- Slavery as an employment relationship++(Role of Masters Small farms Most farms small enough that masters worked alongside slaves Most slave owners had fewer than 20 slaves 6hh Role of Masters - PlantationsMost slaves on plantations large enough that master didn t work with them So relationship more typically employer-employee than fellow worker Discretion of master to set work Gang system Task System& Working ConditionsCommonly  sun up to sun down but could be longer Work often stopped early on Saturdays and not normal to work on Sundays although not unheard of Slaves might be expected to do much of their own work at these times, e.g. tending their own garden plotsWorking ConditionsiMaster determined size of work force Master determined techniques of motivation Techniques of Motivation?'Role of slaves in the employment system(((No formal role in determination of rules Sometimes considerable informal role Even in such an extreme system, at some level the consent of the employees is requiredRole of slavesTestimony of overseers and masters Masters clearly feared slave resistance and especially violent resistance Examples 1800 1000 armed slaves marched on Richmond 1811 400 rebellious slaves in Louisiana subdued by troops 1831 Nat Turner s rebellion *vZZvSlave ResistanceExtensive evidence of slave resistance Shows clearly the lack of truth behind such assertions as that slaves didn t desire freedom, slaves were not intelligent or that slaves were lazy Shows extent that whites would go to justify a system that could not be justifiedbA IV. GenoveseGenovese  Were slaves lazy or hard working? What was his evidence? *RV- Time on the Cross  Fogel and Engerman**(((Major work on the history and economics of American slavery Methodology largely statistical Focused on three hypotheses, two of which were novel+Fogel and Engerman Hypotheses(Consumption patterns of slaves compared favorably to those of northern white workers Economic rationality prevented slavery from being a system of extreme and unremitting cruelty Slave plantations were more efficient than northern family farms because slaves were so industrious" Z Next TimejFirst unions and early unionism Attitude of government toward early unions Race, Sex and the Working Class&Free and Unfree Labor)Lecture 2 Unions, Unionism and GovernmentgBAdministrative$Reading for next time Essay Reminder(Review;Slavery as a system of Labor Extraction The vast extent of slavery in the antebellum United States Slaves had no formal control over their work lives but occasionally significant informal control Regular resistance to abusive work conditions Evidence of Genovese on diligence of slaves Fogel and Engerman Hypotheses<Z<, )TodayThe First Unions Early Unions  Membership and Policies Government and the unions Race, sex and the working classr" r,I- The First Unions*What is a labor union?  A continuous association of wage earners for the purpose of maintaining or improving the conditions of their working lives -The First UnionistsWhat kinds of workers formed the earliest unions in the United States? Were they factory workers? Were they low-skilled or highly skilled workers? Why were they the ones to form the early unions?. First UnionsJourneymen Cordwainers of Philadelphia 1792 What were cordwainers? Journeymen Printers of New York 1795 Why might printers be among the first to unionize?/  Early UnionsDAfter 1800, widespread organization of skilled workers Printers, shoemakers, tailors, carpenters, cabinet makers, shipwrights, coopers, weavers, building trades, millwrights, stonecutters, and hatters All focused on economic action, not mutual benefits Organized single skilled occupation#Z#5!Union BehaviorEconomic action v. mutual benefits Mutual benefits Older model preceding the earliest unions Protected members from death and in some cases illness or unemployment Economic action Focused on dealing with employers Withdrew labor when they felt it necessaryL4qM4qM7$ Union RulesTypically proceedings and membership kept secret Oath to abide by agreed wage scale Promise to assist fellow members to gain employment ahead of any others :% TechniquesCollective Bargaining  more emphasis on closed shop than at any time since Individuals or committees would inspect workplaces (often in secret) for compliance with union rules Turnouts, often fought out largely in newspapers 8#II- Early Unions - MembershipMake up of these early unions generally entirely white and male Women and African-Americans Even various immigrant groups often excluded, e.g. the Irish;& Early UnionsqEarly unions almost entirely based around a single occupation, usually a craft Non-craft workers Frequent strikesO;Unions and the Business Cycle6Did unions do better in prosperity or depression? Why?U=1850sClosing of the Frontier  Impact on Workers? At the same time, the first unions of common laborers emergedJ6Attempts at Labor UnityLong history of attempts to bring workers and their various unions together First in Philadelphia in 1827, Mechanics Union of Trade Associations By the 1830s many cities had  city central trade councils P7!Attempts at National Organization""(BNational Trades Union 1834-1837 President was a printer, Ely Moore<' 10 Hour DayMost abiding goal By 1840 most skilled trade workers in major Eastern cities had it. Most factory workers did not State legislatures flooded with petitions for it and a few granted it Legislatures dominated by business people so not sympathetic=(#III- The Law of Criminal Conspiracy$$(Definition of conspiracy Two or more persons may not band together to prejudice the rights of others Based on English Common Law@+HPhiladelphia Cordwainers Case  1806%%(Accusations against the workers Conspiring to achieve artificially high wages by threats Conspiring not to work for masters who didn't pay the rates Conspiring to prevent others from working for masters who didn't pay the rates  A, Prosecutor"Is there any man who can calculate (if this is to be tolerated) at what price he may safely contract to deliver articles for which he may receive orders, if he is to be regulated by the journeymen in an arbitrary jump from one price to another?" B-Verdict6Jury Judge  instructions to jury Can interpret this as attempt to benefit members or to injure nonmembers Law condemns both Unions illegal on their face6"]"]I1Commonwealth v. Hunt 1842Further developments in the law of criminal conspiracy as applied to unions Facts Boston Journeymen Bootmakers organized a strike Employer had hired a non-unionist Object was to force employer to cease violating the closed shop 2RRd xK2VerdictObject of the union was to get all members of the occupation to join so as to increase the organization's power Means chosen clearly legal and no showing that power, once achieved, would be used for illegal ends Hence, since neither means nor ends illegal, organization not illegalM4Impact on EmployersLooked elsewhere to justify help from government Property Doctrine Any interference with their use of their property should be illegal Workers have no property rights in their jobs Military and police frequently were available to help protect employers property rights&CCN5Other Employer ToolsSpies Firing unionists Blacklists Yellow Dog Contracts Control of publicity (e.g. association of unions and strikes with foreign ideologies)X>#IV- Race, Sex and the Working Class$$(How did white workers react to African-American workers among them? How did African-Americans respond to this reaction? How did male workers react to women in the labor force? How did women respond to this?Y? Next TimeNBegin unit on labor and employment in the Civil War and Reconstruction periodsOO/"#$%49 C D E W[\]^_`acdef0 ~8(  8^ 8 S 4RH   x 8 c $4 !   H 8 0jB ? 3380___PPT10..o0 ~<(  <^ < S 4RH   x < c $T4 !   H < 0jB ? 3380___PPT10.Vu0 ~@(  @^ @ S 4RH   x @ c $<=4 !   H @ 0jB ? 3380___PPT10.@Xl0 ~D(  D^ D S 4RH   =x D c $L =4 !  = H D 0jB ? 3380___PPT10.; 0 ~(  ^  S 4RH   =x  c $=4 !  = H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.`ty 0 ~ (  ^  S 4RH   =x  c $04 !  = H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.k 0 $(  X  C 4RH   =  S =4 !  = &H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.M r0h@,:H" Vder D g1L(8 / 0LDAriale00LLԖ-a0Ԗ@ .  @n?" dd@  !"#$%&'()*+,Oh+'0 `h  Free and Unfree LaboradministratorDonn98Microsoft PowerPoint@f6@[@0hGg  {'  y--$xx--'@Arial-. '2 6Free and Unfree Labor."System:-@Arial-. 2 KA Lecture 1.-@Arial-. "2 V2Antebellum Slavery.-՜.+,0d     On-screen Showle moyne college&1 3ArialDefault DesignFree and UnWhat kinds of workers formed the earliest unions in the United States? Were they factory workers? Were they low-skilled or highly skilled workers? Why were they the ones to form the early unions?. First UnionsJourneymen Cordwainers of Philadelphia 1792 What were cordwainers? Journeymen Printers of New York 1795 Why might printers be among the first to unionize?/  Early UnionsDAfter 1800, widespread organization of skilled workers Printers, shoemakers, tailors, carpenters, cabinet makers, shipwrights, coopers, weavers, building trades, millwrights, stonecutters, and hatters All focused on economic action, not mutual benefits Organized single skilled occupation#Z#5!Union BehaviorEconomic action v. mutual benefits Mutual benefits Older model preceding the earliest unions Protected members from death and in some cases illness or unemployment Economic action Focused on dealing with employers Withdrew labor when they felt it necessaryL4qM4qM7$ Union RulesTypically proceedings and membership kept secret Oath to abide by agreed wage scale Promise to assist fellow members to gain employment ahead of any others :% TechniquesCollective Bargaining  more emphasis on closed shop than at any time since Individuals or committees would inspect workplaces (often in secret) for compliance with union rules Turnouts, often fought out largely in newspapers 8#II- Early Unions - MembershipMake up of these early unions generally entirely white and male Women and African-Americans Even various immigrant groups often excluded, e.g. the Irish;& Early UnionsqEarly unions almost entirely based around a single occupation, usually a craft Non-craft workers Frequent strikesO;Unions and the Business Cycle6Did unions do better in prosperity or depression? Why?U=1850sClosing of the Frontier  Impact on Workers? At the same time, the first unions of common laborers emergedJ6Attempts at Labor UnityLong history of attempts to bring workers and their various unions together First in Philadelphia in 1827, Mechanics Union of Trade Associations By the 1830s many cities had  city central trade councils P7!Attempts at National Organization""(BNational Trades Union 1834-1837 President was a printer, Ely Moore<' 10 Hour DayMost abiding goal By 1840 most skilled trade workers in major Eastern cities had it. Most factory workers did not State legislatures flooded with petitions for it and a few granted it Legislatures dominated by business people so not sympathetic=(#III- The Law of Criminal Conspiracy$$(Definition of conspiracy Two or more persons may not band together to prejudice the rights of others Based on English Common Law@+HPhiladelphia Cordwainers Case  1806%%(Accusations against the workers Conspiring to achieve artificially high wages by threats Conspiring not to work for masters who didn't pay the rates Conspiring to prevent others from working for masters who didn't pay the rates  A, Prosecutor"Is there any man who can calculate (if this is to be tolerated) at what price he may safely contract to deliver articles for which he may receive orders, if he is to be regulated by the journeymen in an arbitrary jump from one price to another?" B-Verdict6Jury Judge  instructions to jury Can interpret this as attempt to benefit members or to injure nonmembers Law condemns both Unions illegal on their face6"]"]I1Commonwealth v. Hunt 1842Further developments in the law of criminal conspiracy as applied to unions Facts Boston Journeymen Bootmakers organized a strike Employer had hired a non-unionist Object was to force employer to cease violating the closed shop 2RRd xK2VerdictObject of the union was to get all members of the occupation to join so as to increase the organization's power Means chosen clearly legal and no showing that power, once achieved, would be used for illegal ends Hence, since neither means nor ends illegal, organization not illegalM4Impact on EmployersLooked elsewhere to justify help from government Property Doctrine Any interference with their use of their property should be illegal Workers have no property rights in their jobs Military and police frequently were available to help protect employers property rights&CCN5Other Employer ToolsSpies Firing unionists Blacklists Yellow Dog Contracts Control of publicity (e.g. association of unions and strikes with foreign ideologies)X>#IV- Race, Sex and the Working Class$$(How did white workers react to African-American workers among them? How did African-Americans respond to this reaction? How did male workers react to women in the labor force? How did women respond to this?Y? Next TimeNBegin unit on labor and employment in the Civil War and Reconstruction periodsOO/"#$%49 C D E W[\]^_`acdef0 ~0(  ^  S 4RH   =x  c $@#=4 !  = H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.Ѵ0 @,(  ^  S 4RH   =  c $=4 !  = "H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.BA0 zr (  X  C 4RH   =r  S =4 !  = H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.诇r $ modqA sg1L(8 / 0LDAriale00LLԖ-a0Ԗ@ .  @n?" dd@  @@`` xnL    !"#$%'(3456789:<=>?@ABDFGHIJNOQRSTXZ\]^_`abdefghijklm 0AA@ʚ;*ʚ;g4QdQd&-a0ppp@ <4dddd))0L 0___PPT10 ___PPT9?  %BFree and Unfree LaborLecture 1 Antebellum SlaveryZ@Administrative_Reading for next class Newman Internship reminder Essay Reminder Return quizzes at end of classReviewFactory Work and the Challenges it provided to both workers and employers Issues of most concern to workers Employer responses in the antebellum period and their similarity to employer responses todayToday|Slavery as a system of labor extraction Extent of slavery Slavery as an employment relationship Genovese Fogel and Engermann}" },i 'I- Slavery as a Labor Extraction System(((People have analyzed slavery from a variety of perspectives For our purposes, we ll view it primarily as a system to extract labor from slaves Masters initiated slavery as a labor system It was a way to earn income from the work of others&``-Slavery as a Human Resource Management System..(It is a system of rule-making to govern the relationships between managers and the managed  system of recruiting, selecting, training, motivating and compensating workers It differs from others in two basic ways Differences Considerably more extreme in terms of authority granted to employers Employer authority extends beyond work*ll II- Extent of SlaveryB1790 Virginia About 4 million slaves by 1860 Pattern of Employment Slave Tasks - MaleWLarge majority served as field hands Others served in variety of trades and occupations Occupations slaves followed`Engineers Coopers Blacksmiths Stonemasons Mechanics Weavers Worked in factories and on railroads  Slave Tasks - femaleIn colonial period large majority of females worked as field hands After 1800 that gradually decreased although a majority always remained field hands Other tasks included household and domestic work, spinning, and tending animals *III- Slavery as an employment relationship++(Role of Masters Small farms Most farms small enough that masters worked alongside slaves Most slave owners had fewer than 20 slaves 6hh Role of Masters - PlantationsMost slaves on plantations large enough that master didn t work with them So relationship more typically employer-employee than fellow worker Discretion of master to set work Gang system Task System& Working ConditionsCommonly  sun up to sun down but could be longer Work often stopped early on Saturdays and not normal to work on Sundays although not unheard of Slaves might be expected to do much of their own work at these times, e.g. tending their own garden plotsWorking ConditionsiMaster determined size of work force Master determined techniques of motivation Techniques of Motivation?'Role of slaves in the employment system(((No formal role in determination of rules Sometimes considerable informal role Even in such an extreme system, at some level the consent of the employees is requiredRole of slavesTestimony of overseers and masters Masters clearly feared slave resistance and especially violent resistance Examples 1800 1000 armed slaves marched on Richmond 1811 400 rebellious slaves in Louisiana subdued by troops 1831 Nat Turner s rebellion *vZZvSlave ResistanceExtensive evidence of slave resistance Shows clearly the lack of truth behind such assertions as that slaves didn t desire freedom, slaves were not intelligent or that slaves were lazy Shows extent that whites would go to justify a system that could not be justifiedbA IV. GenoveseGenovese  Were slaves lazy or hard working? What was his evidence? *RV- Time on the Cross  Fogel and Engerman**(((Major work on the history and economics of American slavery Methodology largely statistical Focused on three hypotheses, two of which were novel+Fogel and Engerman Hypotheses(Consumption patterns of slaves compared favorably to those of northern white workers Economic rationality prevented slavery from being a system of extreme and unremitting cruelty Slave plantations were more efficient than northern family farms because slaves were so industrious" Z Next TimejFirst unions and early unionism Attitude of government toward early unions Race, Sex and the Working Class&Free and Unfree Labor)Lecture 2 Unions, Unionism and GovernmentgBAdministrative$Reading for next time Essay Reminder(Review;Slavery as a system of Labor Extraction The vast extent of slavery in the antebellum United States Slaves had no formal control over their work lives but occasionally significant informal control Regular resistance to abusive work conditions Evidence of Genovese on diligence of slaves Fogel and Engerman Hypotheses<Z<, )TodayThe First Unions Early Unions  Membership and Policies Government and the unions Race, sex and the working classr" r,I- The First Unions*What is a labor union?  A continuous association of wage earners for the purpose of maintaining or improving the conditions of their working lives -The First UnionistsWhat kinds of workers formed the earliest unions in the United States? Were they factory workers? Were they low-skilled or highly skilled workers? Why were they the ones to form the early unions?. First UnionsJourneymen Cordwainers of Philadelphia 1792 What were cordwainers? Journeymen Printers of New York 1795 Why might printers be among the first to unionize?/  Early UnionsDAfter 1800, widespread organization of skilled workers Printers, shoemakers, tailors, carpenters, cabinet makers, shipwrights, coopers, weavers, building trades, millwrights, stonecutters, and hatters All focused on economic action, not mutual benefits Organized single skilled occupation#Z#5!Union BehaviorEconomic action v. mutual benefits Mutual benefits Older model preceding the earliest unions Protected members from death and in some cases illness or unemployment Economic action Focused on dealing with employers Withdrew labor when they felt it necessaryL4qM4qM7$ Union RulesTypically proceedings and membership kept secret Oath to abide by agreed wage scale Promise to assist fellow members to gain employment ahead of any others :% TechniquesCollective Bargaining  more emphasis on closed shop than at any time since Individuals or committees would inspect workplaces (often in secret) for compliance with union rules Turnouts, often fought out largely in newspapers 8#II- Early Unions - MembershipMake up of these early unions generally entirely white and male Women and African-Americans Even various immigrant groups often excluded, e.g. the Irish;& Early UnionsqEarly unions almost entirely based around a single occupation, usually a craft Non-craft workers Frequent strikesO;Unions and the Business Cycle6Did unions do better in prosperity or depression? Why?U=1850sClosing of the Frontier  Impact on Workers? At the same time, the first unions of common laborers emergedJ6Attempts at Labor UnityLong history of attempts to bring workers and their various unions together First in Philadelphia in 1827, Mechanics Union of Trade Associations By the 1830s many cities had  city central trade councils P7!Attempts at National Organization""(BNational Trades Union 1834-1837 President was a printer, Ely Moore<' 10 Hour DayMost abiding goal By 1840 most skilled trade workers in major Eastern cities had it. Most factory workers did not State legislatures flooded with petitions for it and a few granted it Legislatures dominated by business people so not sympathetic=(#III- The Law of Criminal Conspiracy$$(Definition of conspiracy Two or more persons may not band together to prejudice the rights of others Based on English Common Law@+HPhiladelphia Cordwainers Case  1806%%(Accusations against the workers Conspiring to achieve artificially high wages by threats Conspiring not to work for masters who didn't pay the rates Conspiring to prevent others from working for masters who didn't pay the rates  A, Prosecutor"Is there any man who can calculate (if this is to be tolerated) at what price he may safely contract to deliver articles for which he may receive orders, if he is to be regulated by the journeymen in an arbitrary jump from one price to another?" B-Verdict6Jury Judge  instructions to jury Can interpret this as attempt to benefit members or to injure nonmembers Law condemns both Unions illegal on their face6"]"]I1Commonwealth v. Hunt 1842Further developments in the law of criminal conspiracy as applied to unions Facts Boston Journeymen Bootmakers organized a strike Employer had hired a non-unionist Object was to force employer to cease violating the closed shop 2RRd xK2VerdictObject of the union was to get all members of the occupation to join so as to increase the organization's power Means chosen clearly legal and no showing that power, once achieved, would be used for illegal ends Hence, since neither means nor ends illegal, organization not illegalM4Impact on EmployersLooked elsewhere to justify help from government Property Doctrine Any interference with their use of their property should be illegal Workers have no property rights in their jobs Military and police frequently were available to help protect employers property rights&CCN5Other Employer ToolsSpies Firing unionists Blacklists Yellow Dog Contracts Control of publicity (e.g. association of unions and strikes with foreign ideologies)X>#IV- Race, Sex and the Working Class$$(How did white workers react to African-American workers among them? How did African-Americans respond to this reaction? How did male workers react to women in the labor force? How did women respond to this?Y? Next TimeNBegin unit on labor and employment in the Civil War and Reconstruction periodsOO/"#$%49 C D E W[\]^_`acdef0 ~(  ^  S 4RH   =x  c $C=4 !  = H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.s@$0 ~(  ^  S 4RH   =x  c $T=4 !  = H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.v##0 zr (  X  C 4RH   =r  S H=4 !  = H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10..D&0 zr  (  X  C 4RH   =r  S =4 !  = H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10..hr$t49\ &sg1L(8 / 0LDAriale00LLԖ-a0Ԗ@ .  @n?" dd@  @@`` xnL    !"#$%'(3456789:<=>?@ABDFGHIJNOQRSTXZ\]^_`abdefghijklm 0AA@ʚ;*ʚ;g4QdQd&-a0ppp@ <4dddd))0L 0___PPT10 ___PPT9?  %BFree and Unfree LaborLecture 1 Antebellum SlaveryZ@Administrative_Reading for next class Newman Internship reminder Essay Reminder Return quizzes at end of classReviewFactory Work and the Challenges it provided to both workers and employers Issues of most concern to workers Employer responses in the antebellum period and their similarity to employer responses todayToday|Slavery as a system of labor extraction Extent of slavery Slavery as an employment relationship Genovese Fogel and Engermann}" },i 'I- Slavery as a Labor Extraction System(((People have analyzed slavery from a variety of perspectives For our purposes, we ll view it primarily as a system to extract labor from slaves Masters initiated slavery as a labor system It was a way to earn income from the work of others&``-Slavery as a Human Resource Management System..(It is a system of rule-making to govern the relationships between managers and the managed  system of recruiting, selecting, training, motivating and compensating workers It differs from others in two basic ways Differences Considerably more extreme in terms of authority granted to employers Employer authority extends beyond work*ll       !II- Extent of SlaveryB1790 Virginia About 4 million slaves by 1860 Pattern of Employment Slave Tasks - MaleWLarge majority served as field hands Others served in variety of trades and occupations Occupations slaves followed`Engineers Coopers Blacksmiths Stonemasons Mechanics Weavers Worked in factories and on railroads  Slave Tasks - femaleIn colonial period large majority of females worked as field hands After 1800 that gradually decreased although a majority always remained field hands Other tasks included household and domestic work, spinning, and tending animals *III- Slavery as an employment relationship++(Role of Masters Small farms Most farms small enough that masters worked alongside slaves Most slave owners had fewer than 20 slaves 6hh Role of Masters - PlantationsMost slaves on plantations large enough that master didn t work with them So relationship more typically employer-employee than fellow worker Discretion of master to set work Gang system Task System& Working ConditionsCommonly  sun up to sun down but could be longer Work often stopped early on Saturdays and not normal to work on Sundays although not unheard of Slaves might be expected to do much of their own work at these times, e.g. tending their own garden plotsWorking ConditionsiMaster determined size of work force Master determined techniques of motivation Techniques of Motivation?'Role of slaves in the employment system(((No formal role in determination of rules Sometimes considerable informal role Even in such an extreme system, at some level the consent of the employees is requiredRole of slavesTestimony of overseers and masters Masters clearly feared slave resistance and especially violent resistance Examples 1800 1000 armed slaves marched on Richmond 1811 400 rebellious slaves in Louisiana subdued by troops 1831 Nat Turner s rebellion *vZZvSlave ResistanceExtensive evidence of slave resistance Shows clearly the lack of truth behind such assertions as that slaves didn t desire freedom, slaves were not intelligent or that slaves were lazy Shows extent that whites would go to justify a system that could not be justifiedbA IV. GenoveseGenovese  Were slaves lazy or hard working? What was his evidence? *RV- Time on the Cross  Fogel and Engerman**(((Major work on the history and economics of American slavery Methodology largely statistical Focused on three hypotheses, two of which were novel+Fogel and Engerman Hypotheses(Consumption patterns of slaves compared favorably to those of northern white workers Economic rationality prevented slavery from being a system of extreme and unremitting cruelty Slave plantations were more efficient than northern family farms because slaves were so industrious" Z Next TimejFirst unions and early unionism Attitude of government toward early unions Race, Sex and the Working Class&Free and Unfree Labor)Lecture 2 Unions, Unionism and GovernmentgBAdministrative$Reading for next time Essay Reminder(Review;Slavery as a system of Labor Extraction The vast extent of slavery in the antebellum United States Slaves had no formal control over their work lives but occasionally significant informal control Regular resistance to abusive work conditions Evidence of Genovese on diligence of slaves Fogel and Engerman Hypotheses<Z<, )TodayThe First Unions Early Unions  Membership and Policies Government and the unions Race, sex and the working classr" r,I- The First Unions*What is a labor union?  A continuous association of wage earners for the purpose of maintaining or improving the conditions of their working lives -The First UnionistsWhat kinds of workers formed the earliest unions in the United States? Were they factory workers? Were they low-skilled or highly skilled workers? Why were they the ones to form the early unions?. First UnionsJourneymen Cordwainers of Philadelphia 1792 What were cordwainers? Journeymen Printers of New York 1795 Why might printers be among the first to unionize?/  Early UnionsDAfter 1800, widespread organization of skilled workers Printers, shoemakers, tailors, carpenters, cabinet makers, shipwrights, coopers, weavers, building trades, millwrights, stonecutters, and hatters All focused on economic action, not mutual benefits Organized single skilled occupation#Z#5!Union BehaviorEconomic action v. mutual benefits Mutual benefits Older model preceding the earliest unions Protected members from death and in some cases illness or unemployment Economic action Focused on dealing with employers Withdrew labor when they felt it necessaryL4qM4qM7$ Union RulesTypically proceedings and membership kept secret Oath to abide by agreed wage scale Promise to assist fellow members to gain employment ahead of any others :% TechniquesCollective Bargaining  more emphasis on closed shop than at any time since Individuals or committees would inspect workplaces (often in secret) for compliance with union rules Turnouts, often fought out largely in newspapers 8#II- Early Unions - MembershipMake up of these early unions generally entirely white and male Women and African-Americans Even various immigrant groups often excluded, e.g. the Irish;& Early UnionsqEarly unions almost entirely based around a single occupation, usually a craft Non-craft workers Frequent strikesO;Unions and the Business Cycle6Did unions do better in prosperity or depression? Why?U=1850sClosing of the Frontier  Impact on Workers? At the same time, the first unions of common laborers emergedJ6Attempts at Labor UnityLong history of attempts to bring workers and their various unions together First in Philadelphia in 1827, Mechanics Union of Trade Associations By the 1830s many cities had  city central trade councils P7!Attempts at National Organization""(BNational Trades Union 1834-1837 President was a printer, Ely Moore<' 10 Hour DayMost abiding goal By 1840 most skilled trade workers in major Eastern cities had it. Most factory workers did not State legislatures flooded with petitions for it and a few granted it Legislatures dominated by business people so not sympathetic=(#III- The Law of Criminal Conspiracy$$(Definition of conspiracy Two or more persons may not band together to prejudice the rights of others Based on English Common Law@+HPhiladelphia Cordwainers Case  1806%%(Accusations against the workers Conspiring to achieve artificially high wages by threats Conspiring not to work for masters who didn't pay the rates Conspiring to prevent others from working for masters who didn't pay the rates  A, Prosecutor"Is there any man who can calculate (if this is to be tolerated) at what price he may safely contract to deliver articles for which he may receive orders, if he is to be regulated by the journeymen in an arbitrary jump from one price to another?" B-Verdict6Jury Judge  instructions to jury Can interpret this as attempt to benefit members or to injure nonmembers Law condemns both Unions illegal on their face6"]"]I1Commonwealth v. Hunt 1842Further developments in the law of criminal conspiracy as applied to unions Facts Boston Journeymen Bootmakers organized a strike Employer had hired a non-unionist Object was to force employer to cease violating the closed shop 2RRd xK2VerdictObject of the union was to get all members of the occupation to join so as to increase the organization's power Means chosen clearly legal and no showing that power, once achieved, would be used for illegal ends Hence, since neither means nor ends illegal, organization not illegalM4Impact on EmployersLooked elsewhere to justify help from government Property Doctrine Any interference with their use of their property should be illegal Workers have no property rights in their jobs Military and police frequently were available to help protect employers property rights&CCN5Other Employer ToolsSpies Firing unionists Blacklists Yellow Dog Contracts Control of publicity (e.g. association of unions and strikes with foreign ideologies)X>#IV- Race, Sex and the Working Class$$(How did white workers react to African-American workers among them? How did African-Americans respond to this reaction? How did male workers react to women in the labor force? How did women respond to this?Y? Next TimeNBegin unit on labor and employment in the Civil War and Reconstruction periodsOO/"#$%49 C D E W[\]^_`acdef'0 ~@(  ^  S 4RH   =x  c $T]=4 !  = H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.D(0 ~$(  $^ $ S 4RH   =x $ c $he=4 !  = H $ 0jB ? 3380___PPT10.PA+0 ~((  (^ ( S 4RH   =x ( c $dm=4 !  = H ( 0jB ? 3380___PPT10.-0 ~p(  p^ p S 4RH   =x p c $dv=4 !  = H p 0jB ? 3380___PPT10.#V=0 zr@ (  X  C 4RH   =r  S ء=4 !  = H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10./pP.60 zrP (  X  C 4RH   =r  S <=4 !  = H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10./XX70 zr` (  X  C 4RH   =r  S D=4 !  = H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10./ A20 zrp (  X  C 4RH   =r  S  =4 !  = H  0jB ? 3380___PPT10.0r4BC0W"^@02 4"6$?8&g1