January in Chemistry

• Aluminum Company of America (ALCOA, originally Pittsburgh Reduction Company) renamed, 1907
• Harriet Brooks born 1876: radioactivity, particularly radon (element, 86) as an emanation from radium.
• Eugène-Anatole Demarçay born 1852: discovered europium (Eu, element 63); spectroscopic evidence of the discovery of radium (Ra, 88)
• Merck & Co. founded, 1891.
• Harold Urey and co-workers announced discovery of deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen (H, element 1), 1932. (Link to a register of Urey's papers (large file).)

• Roger Adams born 1889: organic synthesis. An ACS award in organic synthesis is named for Adams.
• Isaac Asimov born 1920: biochemist; author of hundreds of books in science fiction and many non-fiction subjects (See Asimov bibliography.).
• U. S. Atomic Energy Commission took over nuclear oversight from wartime Manhattan Engineer District, 1947. (Visit its successor, the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission.)
• Rudolf Clausius born 1822: fundamental contributions to thermodynamics and kinetic theory of gases; coined the term entropy. Read his Über die bewegende Kraft der Wärme in German (Part I and Part II) or in English translation (Mechanical Theory of Heat).
• Charles Hatchett born 1765: discovered niobium (Nb, element 41), which he called columbium

• Henry Bradley, Binghamton, NY, patented oleomargarine (U.S. Patent No. 110,626) in 1871.
• Keith James Laidler born 1916: chemical kinetics; history of physical chemistry and of science and technology.

• Herbert Henry Dow, founder of Dow Chemical, prepared bromine from brine, 1891.
• Aristid Victor Grosse born 1905: isolated protactinium (Pa, element 91); ²³⁵U fission by slow neutrons
• Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau born 1737: one-time defender of phlogiston theory, chemical affinities, chemical nomenclature. View pages from Méthode de Nomenclature Chimique.
• Richard Royce Schrock born 1945: high-oxidation-state transition-metal complexes; metathesis reactions and catalysts; Nobel Prize, 2005.
• John Edgar Teeple born 1874: industrial chemistry and chemical economics; Perkin medal.
• Florence Emeline Wall born 1893: cosmetic chemistry.

• Joseph Erlanger born 1874: electrophysiology of nerves; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1944.
• George Washington Carver died 1943 (born c. 1860): food chemistry, particularly known for peanuts and sweet potatoes.

• John Van Nostrand Dorr born 1872: chemical engineer and inventor
• Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer born 1914: chemical bonding and quantum mechanics.
• Stuart Alan Rice born 1932: statistical mechanics and transport phenomena; phase transitions.

• Eilhard Mitscherlich born 1794: crystal structure, catalysis, benzene and its derivatives; discovered chemical isomorphism
• Henry Enfield Roscoe born 1833: chemical action of light; co-inventor of actinometer; first to isolate vanadium (V, element 23). Read his biography of Dalton.
• John Ernest Walker born 1941: mechanism of ATP synthesis; Nobel Prize, 1997

• John Allen Veatch found borax in mineral water at Tuscan Springs, CA, 1856.

• Richard Abegg born 1869: valence, especially Abegg's rule that the difference between the maximum positive and negative valence of an element is frequently eight.
• John Werner Cahn born 1928: thermodynamics and kinetics of phase transitions and diffusion; interfacial phenomena; periodic and quasi-periodic structures ("quasicrystals").
• Har Gobind Khorana born 1922: first synthesis of an artificial gene; interpretation of genetic code and protein synthesis function; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1968
• Søren Sørensen born 1868: indroduced concept of pH as a measure of hydrogen ion concentration; research on proteins, amino acids, and enzymes

• Sune Karl Bergström born 1916: purification and structure of prostaglandins; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1982.
• Katharine Burr Blodgett born 1898: thin films (Langmuir-Blodgett films); anti-reflective coatings; gas-surface interactions; Garvan Medal, 1951
• Frederick Gardner Cottrell born 1877: nitrogen fixation, liquefaction of gases, recovery of helium; invented electrostatic precipitator (Cottrell precipitator, US patent 895,729) for removing particles from gases

• Frederick Mark Becket born 1875: inventor in electrochemistry and electrometallurgy
• Roger Guillemin born 1924: function and synthesis of hypothalamic hormones; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1977.

• Johan August Arfwedson born 1792: discovered lithium (Li, 3) in the mineral petalite. [Thanks to Lee May for this entry.]
• Ruth Rogan Benerito born 1916: fat emulsions and transport of fat in animals; properties of cellulose (with applications to fabrics, particularly cotton)
• Jan Baptista van Helmont born 1579: coined the term gas; experiment investigating whether vegetable life came from a single, element (water). Read three short excerpts from his writings and see the title page of his book on medicine.
• Paul Hermann Müller born 1899: discovered the toxic effects of DDT on insects; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1948
• Franz von Soxhlet born 1848: invented Soxhlet Extractor; isolated lactose and milk proteins. [Thanks to Lee May for this entry.]
• Antonio de Ulloa born 1716: discoverer of platinum (Pt, 78).

• Sydney Brenner born 1927: genetics of organ development and cell death; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 2002.
• Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction signed in Paris by 130 nations, 1993.
• Charles Mabery born 1850: early petroleum chemistry; electrolytic aluminum and bromine industries
• Pierre-Jean Robiquet born 1780: codiscoverer of asparagine; analysis of opium for codeine

• Armstrong World Industries incorporated as Armstrong Cork Co., 1895.
• Ludwig Claisen born 1851: condensation of esters; rearrangement of allyl vinyl ethers

• Henry Cavendish reported quantitative composition of water to Royal Society, 1784.
• Pierre Samuel DuPont born 1870: president of DuPont credited with diversifying company from explosives to broad-based chemical company
• William Prout born 1785: Prout's hypothesis (suggestion that all atomic weights are multiples of the atomic weight of hydrogen); analysis of biological materials; identified hydrochloric acid in the stomach
• Artturi Ilmari Virtanen born 1895: nutrition and development of food resources; nitrogen fixation; preservation of silage; Nobel Prize, 1945
• Cyrus More Warren born 1824: fractional distillation of coal tar and petroleum for analytical and industrial applications.
• Frank Westheimer born 1912: physical organic chemistry (electrostatic effects, molecular mechanics, photoaffinity labeling)

• Anders Ekeberg born 1767: discovered tantalum (Ta, element 73).
• Fermium (Fm, element 100) was first isolated by (left to right) Louise Smith, Sherman Fried, Gary Higgins; (back row) Albert Ghiorso, Rod Spence, Glenn Seaborg, Paul Fields and John Huizenga (using ion-exchange chromatorgraphy) and identified, 1953, at University of California, Berkeley.
• Leonor Michaelis born 1875: enzyme kinetics; Michaelis-Menten equation.

• Benjamin Franklin born 1706: scientist, inventor, statesman, printer, philosopher, musician, and economist; described marsh gas to Priestley.
• James Hall born 1761: geology: laboratory study of rock formation processes, artificial marble
• Robert Hare born 1781: invented oxyhydrogen blowtorch.
• Anselme Payen born 1795: discovered cellulose, dextrin (produced in the breakdown of starch), pectin, and the enzyme diastase (1833); developed processes for producing borax from boric acid and for refining beet sugar.

• Edward Frankland born 1825: theory of valency; codiscoverer of helium (He, element 2) in the sun through spectroscopy; sanitation and river pollution; organometalic synthesis and valence
• Johann (Hans) Goldschmidt born 1861: invented aluminothermite process (Goldschmidt process).

• Henry Bessemer born 1813: metallurgist, inventor of the Bessemer converter and Bessemer process for making steel (US patent 16,082).
• Harry Fisher born 1885: inventor in synthetic rubber and rubber technology
• Jack Halpern born 1925: mechanisms of the action of vitamins and other biochemicals.
• Lucy Weston Pickett born 1904: effects of X-rays on chemical reactions; X-ray crystallography; molecular spectroscopy; Garvan Medal, 1957
• Susan Solomon born 1956: atmospheric chemistry of ozone, particularly polar.
• James Watt born 1736: best known as an engineer whose version of the steam engine powered the Industrial Revolution, Watt was also one of the first to recognize that water was a compound substance.

• Adolph Frank born 1834: made calcium cyanamide from calcium carbide and nitrogen.
• Marie Anne Paulze Lavoisier born 1758: research assistant, collaborator, illustrator, editor, publisher, and spouse of Antoine Lavoisier; later spouse (but not collaborator) of Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford
• Horace Wells born 1815: first to use a gas (nitrous oxide) as an anesthetic.

• Dow Chemical produced the first ingot of any metal to be extracted from seawater (magnesium; Mg, element 12), 1941.
• Edward Mallinckrodt born 1845: founder of Mallinckrodt Chemical Works
• Konrad Bloch born 1912: cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism; Nobel Prize in Medicine, 1964.
• Eduard Zintl [auf Deutsch] born 1898: intermetallic compounds; industrial chemistry.

• André-Marie Ampère born 1775: best known for Ampère's law relating magnetic field and electrical current, Ampère also made a hypothesis about gases much like Avogadro's.
• Francis Bacon born 1561: inductive scientific method; Novum Organum. Bacon applied his inductive method to the nature of heat.
• Alan Heeger born 1936: conducting polymers; Nobel Prize, 2000.
• King James I charters the first English organization of pharmacists ("Master, Wardens and Society of the Art and Mystery of the Apothecaries of the City of London"), 1617.

• The nomination of Marie Curie to the French Academy of Sciences was rejected, 1911. [Note: more recently, women have fared better: Marianne Grunberg-Manago, was elected president of the Academy in 1994.]
• Otto Diels born 1876: codeveloper of diene synthesis (with Kurt Alder); practical method for synthesis of ring compounds from chain compounds (Diels-Alder reaction); Nobel Prize, 1950 (with Alder)
• Gertrude Belle Elion born 1918: pharmaceutical chemist; leukemia-fighting drug (US patent 2,884,667); Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1988.
• Karl Karlovich Klaus born 1796: discoverer of ruthenium (Ru, element 44); early platinum chemistry
• Paul Langevin born 1872: X-rays and magnetism
• John Charles Polanyi born 1929: used infrared chemiluminescence to follow excited reaction products; Nobel Prize, 1986. Read an interview of Polanyi.

• Burris Bell Cunningham and coworkers first reported absorption spectrum of einsteinium compound (Es, element 99) at University of California, Berkeley, 1966.
• Gold discovered at Sutter's Mill, California, 1848, causing '49er gold rush.
• Joseph-Achille Le Bel born 1847: structural organic chemistry (tetrahedral carbon).
• Morris William Travers born 1872: codiscoverer of krypton (Kr, element 36), neon (Ne, 10), and xenon (Xe, 54); low temperature chemistry

• Robert Boyle born 1627: defined element; discovered proportionality of gas pressure and volume (Boyle's law); experiments in vacuo (for example, trying to support combustion in a vacuum); author of The Sceptical Chymist and New experiments physico-mechanicall, touching the spring of the air and its effects; suggested use of alcohol as biological preservative
• Arvid Carlsson born 1923: dopamine, Parkinson's disease, and L-dopa; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 2000.
• William Horne born 1865: refining and manufacture of sugar
• Csaba Horvath born 1930: concept of early HPLC (high-pressure liquid chromatography) instruments.
• Martin Klaproth reported to Berlin Academy of Sciences in 1798 the 1782 discovery by Franz Joseph Müller von Reichenstein of a new element and named it tellurium (Te, element 52).
• Ilya Prigogine born 1917: thermodynamics of irreversible processes; "dissipative" structures; Nobel Prize, 1977.

• Niels Bohr reported the discovery of nuclear fission by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, and its interpretation by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch, to the Fifth Washington Conference on Theoretical Physics, 1939.
• Claude Silbert Hudson born 1881: sugar chemistry; an ACS Award in Carbohydrate chemistry is named after him.
• Polycarp Kusch born 1911: magnetic moment of the electron; Nobel Prize (physics), 1955.

• John Carew Eccles born 1903: neurochemistry; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1963.
• Victor Moritz Goldschmidt born 1888: mineralogy, geochemistry, distribution and abundance of elements and isotopes
• Louis Kahlenberg born 1870: American physical chemist and electrochemist.
• August Kekule presented his structure of benzene to the Société Chimique, Paris, 1865.

• Edith Flanigen born 1929: molecular seives and petroleum refining catalysts.
• Herbert Max Finlay Freundlich born 1880: colloids (stabilization by electrolytes) and surfaces (Freundlich adsorption isotherm).
• Robert William Holley born 1922: structure and function of transfer-RNA; Nobel Prize (Medicine), 1968.
• Kathleen Yardley Lonsdale born 1903: X-ray crystallography; determination of benzene structure by X-ray crystallography. Read reminiscences by Lonsdale from Fifty Years of X-Ray Diffraction, edited by P. P. Ewald.

• Henry Carrington Bolton born 1843: author and bibliographer in the history of chemistry. Read his Select Bibliography of Chemistry, 1492-1892 and Catalogue of Scientific and Technical Periodicals.
• Linda Buck born 1947: research on olfaction, one of the "chemical senses;" Nobel Prize (Medicine), 2004.
• Sydney Chapman born 1888: geophysicist; diffusion in kinetic theory of gases; oxygen reactions for stratospheric ozone
• Edward Morley born 1838: ether drift experiments (Michelson-Morley experiment); painstakingly precise determination of the combining weights of hydrogen and oxygen

• Peter Agre born 1949: water channels in cell membranes; Nobel Prize, 2003.
• Harold Simmons Booth born 1891: inorganic chemistry; fluoride gases
• Alexandre-Émile Beguyer de Chancourtois born 1820: geologist whose arrangement of elements and other substances by atomic weight exhibited chemical periodicity in 1862. (See paper and Vis Tellurique figure.)
• George Gerald Henderson born 1862: catalysis

• Irving Langmuir born 1881: surface chemistry (Langmuir adsorption isotherm, Langmuir-Blodgett films); inventor of gas-filled tungsten lamp (US patent 1,180,159), use of atomic hydrogen blowpipe for welding, condensation pump for high vacuum; atomic structure and valence (see two examples: 1 and 2); Nobel Prize, 1932
• Theodore William Richards born 1868: atomic weights, electrochemistry, and thermodynamics; discovered that lead from uranium and from thorium had different atomic weights (before isotope concept was introduced); Nobel Prize, 1914.

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