Industrialization Approach‑ It is the industrialization process and the way it is achieved which shapes the industrial‑relations system Technology of Industrialization requires dynamic elites for its introduction and extension into society

Unions then are response organizations.  They respond to the nature and path of industrialization

General (applies to any society at any time) v. Specific (applies to the current economic epoch and only to societies that are industrializing)

Labor can follow any of three elite groups which disagree over the nature of society.  This is closely related to the decision to emphasize economic or political actions. Middle-class reformers – often arise when the economic advances of this class are not matched by its political advances Intellectuals – often protest at what they see as the inequitable distribution of the burdens and benefits of industrialization

Different emphasis on political or economic goals will necessitate different structures Economic – decentralized movement of workers hard to replace and able to take advantage of circumstances of individual employers

Performance of major economic indicators – unemployment, inflation, balance of payments