Other web sites
	on (mainly) the
	History of Chemistry,
History of Science, and Scientific Biography

History of chemistry resources on the internet: Large databases for history of chemistry research (Links from presentation at ACS national meeting, 19 August 2007.)

• biographical information on scientists
  • collections of short biographies
  • sites devoted to the life and work of an individual of importance to chemistry
• historical developments in chemistry
• historical developments in science more generally
  • original texts
  • reference materials, curriculum materials, and directories in history of science
  • exhibits and museums
• current chemistry sites (a very few)

Scientific Biography

Collections of Short Biographies

• The Faces of Science: African-Americans in the Sciences: (Mitchell C. Brown, University of California, Irvine)
• Australian Academy of Science, Biographical Memoirs
• Bright Sparcs: directory of figures from Australian science, technology, and medicine
• Biographies of chemists, prepared by Peter Morris. Short sketches, many of which have previously appeared in his "confusing names" feature of the Historical Group Newsletter of the Royal Society of Chemistry.
• Biographical Database of the British Chemical Community, 1880-1970, by Gerrylynn K Roberts and Robin Mackie, The Open University, UK: includes educational and institutional affiliations, awards, and references.
• Biographical Snapshots of Famous Women and Minority Chemists, edited by Barbara A. Burke for JCE Internet
• Profiles of Great Canadian Scientists, including information about the people and their science; includes chemists
• Canadian Science and Engineering Hall of Fame
• Cartage (Lebanon): biographies of chemists and other scientists
• Catalog of the Scientific Community in the 16th and 17th Centuries, compiled by the late Richard S. Westfall, Professor in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at Indiana University; part of the Galileo Project at Rice University.
• Chemical Achievers by Mary Ellen Bowden, adapted for the web by Mark Michalovic: biographical sketches and images of chemical achievers.
• Chemist of the Month Archive, compiled by Leopold May, Catholic University of America.
• 100 Distinguished European Chemists, listed and sketched by the Federation of European Chemical Societies (FECS), which has been succeeded by the European Association for Chemical and Molecular Sciences (EuCheMS))
• Gallery of Chemists' Photo-Portraits and Mini-Biographies at Michigan State University
• Chemical Genealogy Database of about 1150 names. Vera Mainz and Gregory Girolami, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
• Histoire de la Chimie site, Biographical gallery (en Français).
• Electrical Scientists: biographies of scientists who contributed to electricity, electrochemistry, electrical technology, and the like (Eugenii Katz: Hebrew University, Jerusalem, and Clarkson University, NY))
• History of Mathematics, Science, and Technology: A Culturally Affirming View. A collection of biographical sketches of scientists (San Jose State University).
• University of Liverpool Links for Chemists includes a section of chemists' biographies.
• The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive: Indexes of Biographies (of mathematicians and some physical scientists)
• National Academy of Science (US): Biographical Memoirs [new url; many older memoirs now available]
• National Library of Medicine (US): Profiles in Science include biographies and some archival material (papers, correspondence, etc.)
• Nobelprize.org: information on the Prizes, the Laureates, Nobel, and the Foundation--from the Foundation.
• Nobel Prize Internet Archive: information on Nobel Laureates in chemistry, physics, physiology or medicine, economics, literature, and peace
• Photo Gallery of Chemists from Abegg to Zeeman. (While you're there, check out the resources for high school chemistry which is the main reason for the ChemTeam Site.)
• Radioactivity: Historical Figures: a sketch of the work of Röntgen, Becquerel, the Curies, and Rutherford at Genentech's Access Excellence Site
• Sparks of Genius: short biographical sketches of scientists and engineers who contributed to the development of radio; part of Russell Naughton's "Adventures in Cybersound" project.
• Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography contains many short biographical sketches by Eric Weisstein.
• Well-known Women Engineers and Scientists from around the world (Monique Frize, Carleton University); alphabetical list through K at present
• Women in Chemistry: Her Lab in Your Life (Chemical Heritage Foundation)
• Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics: from the Committee on the Status of Women in Physics and the Forum on the History of Physics of the American Physical Society.
• Distinguished Women of Past and Present: includes biographical information on women in chemistry, astronomy, biology, engineering, physics, and many other fields outside the natural sciences and technology.
• 4000 years of women in science: Photographs, Biographies, and References

• Robert Boyle Project at Birkbeck, University of London
• Stanislao Cannizzaro Archive at the Italian National Academy of Science (in Italiano): contains biographical material and lists (and a few images) of archival documents
• Marie Curie and the Science of Radioactivity by the American Institute of Physics
• Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online (not chemistry, of course, but of broad interest)
• Einstein Archives Online: papers, essays, and letters from the Einstein Papers Project (CalTech & Hebrew University, Jerusalem)
• Albert Einstein: Image and Impact, American Institute of Physics
• Albert Einstein Online maintained by S. Morgan Friedman.
• Benjamin Franklin: Glimpses of the Man, at the Franklin Institute
• Association des Amis de Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac (en Français) at la Bibliothéque de l'Ecole polytechnique.
• Musée Gay-Lussac at Ville de Saint Léonard de Noblat (en Français).
• Werner Heisenberg and the Uncertainty Principle, David C. Cassidy (Hofstra University) and American Institute of Physics Center for History of Physics
• Robert Hooke: roberthooke.org.uk
• Les Amis de Lavoisier (en Français or English) written by Jean Pierre Poirier.
• Panopticon Lavoisier: a project undertaken by several museums in France and Italy to digitize, integrate, and post the papers (those previously published as well as those never before published) of Lavoisier. Includes page images of Lavoisier's Oeuvres
• Lawrence and the Cyclotron, on E. O. Lawrence, American Institute of Physics
• Johann Josef Loschmidt: biography, photos, diaries, etc.
• Dmitriy Mendeleev Online maintained by Eugene V. Babaev at Moscow State University
• Walther Nernst memorial website
• The Chymistry of Isaac Newton, at Indiana University's Digital Library.
• The Newton Project manuscripts and archives including alchemical and theological writings (at Sussex University).
• Joseph-Nicéphore Niépce and photography (en Français)
• Wolfgang Pauli and modern physics: virtual exhibition at ETH library.
• Linus Pauling: Oregon State University Library celebrates the Pauling centenary in 2001, including an exhibit of materials from archives and special collections and digitized images of laboratory notebooks. More recently, the library's special collections have mounted digital archives and exhibits on both Paulings' role in the international peace movement, The Race for DNA, the Nature of the Chemical Bond and Sickle Cell Anemia
• A Brief Biography of Joseph Priestley
• Joseph Priestley Online: collection of Priestley resources and bibliography compiled by Andrew Harris
• Joseph Priestley, Radical Thinker: some photos from exhibit at Chemical Heritage Foundation
• Ernest Rutherford, Scientist Supreme: biographical information and more by John Campbell
• Glenn Seaborg: His Life and Contributions, at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
• Alessandro Volta: exhibit on his life and work as part of Pavia Project Physics, University of Pavia
• James Watt: a biography by Andrew Carnegie, E-text at University of Rochester Steam Engine Library

• Before there was chemistry, there was Alchemy (at levity.com).
• From Alchemy to Chemistry: Five Hundred Years of Rare and Interesting Books: from an exhibit held at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library, co-curated by Tina Chrzastowski, Vera Mainz, and Gregory Girolami.
• American Chemical Society Division of History of Chemistry
• American Chemical Society Division of Inorganic Chemistry, a history
• American Chemical Society National Historic Chemical Landmarks
• Atomic Structure Timeline, by Lee Buescher, Watertown (WI) High School
• Bulletin for the History of Chemistry, including a searchable index (Vera Mainz at University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana)
• Calendar of history of chemistry compiled by Leopold May, Catholic University of America. Prof. May compiled the "Milestones in Chemistry" calendar formerly published by ACS. It was the kernel of the calendar in Classic Chemistry. Prof. May also maintains a calendar at the Chemical Society of Washington.
• CHEM-HIST: international electronic forum (discussion group) and news bulletin for History of Chemistry, managed by Christoph Meinel, University of Regensburg, Germany.
• Chemical Heritage Foundation, including abstracts of its oral history project and a podcast called Distillations and a blog called Periodic Tabloid ..
• Chemistry: A Historical Perspective. This set of essays, organized thematically, describes many important developments in chemistry from alchemy to modern nuclear transmutation. Part of Chemistry Online, by James Fromm. [Thanks to Gissette Taveras for bringing this site to my attention.]
• Brief Chronology of Chemistry from the Ancients to the Nuclear Atom. This set of essays focuses on physical aspects of chemistry and includes many biographical sketches. (Paul Charlesworth, Michigan Tech)
• DNA structure: "Linus Pauling and the Race for DNA" at Oregon State University Library.
• History of Chemistry Course Syllabi (Peter Ramberg, Truman State University)
• Colorants Industry History: maintained by Robert (Bob) Baptista, a former chemist at Bayer (US); it deals with 20th-century US dye industry. Includes a reprint of 1992 article by Peter Morris and Anthony Travis, "A History of the International Dyestuff Industry."
• A Dictionary of Obsolete Chemical Terms by Jon Eklund, transcribed by John Park and posted at the ChemTeam site.
• Ancient Dyes, Natural and Synthetic by Chris Cooksey
• Exhibit on the "Discovery of the Electron", American Institute of Physics. [Thanks to Tara Walburger for bringing this site to my attention.]
• "Elemental and Molecular Heritage: An Internet-based Display", by Henry S. Rzepa: a description of the display and the display itself
• Chemical Elements: Their Discovery and the Origins of their Names: by Dave Trapp, Sequim (Washington) High School
• Elementymology & Elements Multidict by Peter van der Krogt: names of the elements in many languages and etymologies of those names
• Images from the Edgar Fahs Smith Collection at the University of Pennsylvania Libraries. Portraits of important chemists and diagrams of historical chemical apparatus.
• Chronology of Chemical Information Science Compiled by Robert V. Williams and Mary Ellen Bowden.
• Foundations of Chemistry: a journal for "philosophical, historical, educational and interdisciplinary studies of chemistry."
• Histoire de la Chimie: chronology of many important developments in chemistry from antiquity to the early 20th century; includes a Biographical gallery (en Français).
• History of Chemical Engineering & Chemical Technology
• Hyle: an international journal for the philosophy of chemistry. Site includes a bibliography and other links for philosophy of chemistry.
• University of Liverpool Links for Chemists includes a section of history of chemistry.
• A History of Mass Spectrometry (Gary Siuzdak, Scripps Center for Mass Spectrometry): chronologies, biographies, and other historical essays [Thanks to Soua Lee for bringing this site to my attention.]
• History of Mössbauer spectroscopy compiled by Leopold May, Catholic University of America.
• Name Reactions at Organic Chemistry Portal, an extensive site that contains much information on contemporary organic chemistry as well.
• Name Reactions in Organic Chemistry (at Institute of Chemistry, Skopje, Macedonia): many names, but fairly few reactions yet posted. Those that are posted are well done, however.
• Named Reactions by Marcus Brackeen (MonomerChem Inc.)
• Named Reactions in Organic Chemistry (at University of Connecticut) names and describes many of these organic reactions, including references to the original and current literature.
• Named Things in Chemistry and Physics: John Andraos, York University, Toronto
• NMR and MRI: a collection of references and web links collected by edited by Stanislav Sýkora, including references to pre-1955 history.
• Classic Organic Reactions: named reactions with structures and literature citations at the ChemPen Software site.
• Mallinckrodt Outline of the History of Chemistry originally compiled by Norris K. Rakestraw (1927), revised by Herbert S. Klickstein (1957, 1961), and adapted for the web by Robert B. Gayhart at Bradley University.
• Painting: pigments and oils. This historical tutorial on oil painting from Sanders Studios Fine Arts & Portraits concentrates on art, but does not neglect materials. It includes descriptions and definitions of many pigments past and present.
• Development of the Periodic Table (Western Oregon University).
• Formulations of the Periodic Table, including historical and modern variations (Mark Leach's Chemogenesis Web book).
• International Society for the Philosophy of Chemistry: devoted to the international exchange of ideas concerning the philosophical foundations of the chemical sciences.
• History of photochemistry: some primary texts (PDF) and biographical information on 20th-century photochemists (Nicholas J. Turro & group, Columbia) [Thanks to Gissette Taveras for bringing this site to my attention.]
• A History of Photography from its beginnings till the 1920s by Dr. Robert Leggat: extensive and well-organized hypertext on an area full of applied chemistry
• A History of Pharmacy in Pictures at Washington State University College of Pharmacy
• A history of plastics by Douglas E. Fahey for New South Wales Process Manufacturing Industry Training Body (Australia).
• Plastics Historical Society, London: includes a section on people and plastics.
• Intute history of chemistry links: part of Intute, an on-line service to Web resources for education and research
• Early Ideas in the History of Quantum Chemistry, by Udo Anders. Much biographical material, with an emphasis on semiempirical methods.
• Sources for History of Quantum Physics, by Thomas Kuhn, John Heilbron, Paul Forman, and Lini Allen. Bibliographical material.
• Rediscovery of the Elements: articles on several elements and their discoverers by James L. Marshall (originally published in the Alpha Chi Sigma Hexagon)
• Rubber: history, biographies, chemistry, and conservation at Bouncing Balls (maintained by John Loadman).
• Spectroscopy calendar compiled by Leopold May, Catholic University of America.
• Overview of 19th-century thermodynamics: an excerpt from Josiah Willard Gibbs: The History of a Great Mind by Lynde Phelps Wheeler, posted (with permission) by Vince Ciricola
• Xenobiotic metabolism: a series of historical vignettes on the metabolism of foreign compounds by biological systems, from the International Society for the Study of Xenobiotics.
• Fifty Years of X-Ray Diffraction, edited by P. P. Ewald: Chapters on the electron-diffraction and crystallography and related topics, including discovery of X-rays, X-ray spectroscopy, biographies, and reminiscences.

Original Texts

• Athena Science: Science texts on line
• Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften digital library: page images of Berlin academy proceedings (l'Académie Royale des Sciences et des Belles-Lettres de Berlin [in French] and Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin [in German])
• Gallica: Images and texts of 19th-century French books, including science and history of science, at the Bibliothèque nationale de France (en français, of course). (Much of this material is in pdf format.)
• History of gems, gemology, and mining library: page images of books at Farlang.com, managed by the Dutch Gem and Diamond Foundation [Thanks to Patrick Slavenburg for bringing this site to my attention.]
• Chemistry texts at the Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum (Center for Retrospective Digitization, Göttingen). Page images in German, includingJohann Friedrich Gmelin: History of Chemistry to the end of the 18th Century (1797), Friedrich Albrecht Carl Gren, Systematisches Handbuch der gesammten Chemie (1794), and Macquer's Chymisches Wörterbuch oder Allgemeine Begriffe der Chymie nach alphabetischer Ordnung
• Harvard Classics volume 30, Scientific Papers: Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy, Geology: lectures for a non-specialist audience by prominent 19th-century scientists including Faraday, Helmholtz, and Kelvin. [Thanks to John Park for bringing this site to my attention.]
• Historical papers in early 20th-century physics, maintained by Paul de Haas
• Internet History of Science Sourcebook at Fordham University
• Making of America: images and texts of selected 19th-century American books and journals (or American editions), including chemistry books. [Thanks to Bill Williams for bringing this site to my attention.]
• Classic papers in physics from Nature. A similar collection in chemistry requires subscription or payment to access the papers.
• Natural science and mathematics books and journals online, including chemistry, catalogued at University of Pennsylvania
• Patents: Europe's Network of patent databases: facsimiles (pdf) available of European, American, Japanese patents and more.
• Google Patents: US Patents searchable by full text (to the extent that the text has been correctly recognized by OCR).
• Patents: US Patent search page. Patents before 1976 available as TIFF images (requiring plug-in); searchable by number only. Later patents searchable by several fields; available in full text and images.
• Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, volumes 50-67 (1757-77, available as page images at the Internet Library of Early Journals, Bodleian Library, Oxford University.

• American Institute of Physics Center for the History of Physics includes much information of interests to chemists as well.
• Australian Science Archives Project (ASAP): archival and biographical records of Australian scientists and scientific institutions.
• ECHO: Exploring and Collecting History Online, Science and Technology, a project of the George Mason University Center for History and New Media, including a directory of sites on history of science and technology
• A History of Science, by Henry Smith Williams: early 20th-century multivolume work in searchable electronic form at Worldwideschool.org
• Science Timeline: marks in the evolution of western thinking about nature, compiled by David Lee
• SHiPS resource center on Sociology, History, and Philosophy of Science for science teachers, edited and coordinated by Douglas Allchin. Includes Curriculum modules in several science areas and recent historical insights into familiar scientific tales.

• Atomic Archive: History, Science, and Consequences of the Atomic Bomb, by AJ Software.
• Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology: the Smithsonian Institution's collection of rare books and manuscripts in history of science and technology, including a portrait collection.
• Electrical, Electronic, and Electrochemical Instruments : virtual museum by Eugenii Katz (Hebrew University, Jerusalem, and Clarkson University, NY)
• Scientific Instrument Museum at Humboldt State University, Richard A. Paselk, Curator. Includes images and descriptions of small instruments used earlier in the 20th century, as well as contemporary literature on scientific instrumentation.
• Epact: Scientific Instruments of Medieval and Renaissance Europe
• Institute and Museum of History of Science (Florence, Italy) on-line exhibitions
• US National Inventors Hall of Fame: search or browse inventions, chemical and otherwise
• Museum of the History of Science, Oxford, UK: on-line exhibits.
• Patents: table of historical US patents
• Emilio Segrè Visual Archives at American Institute of Physics: pictures of physicists and instruments
• Today in Science History by Ian Ellis.

• Links for Chemists, the Chemistry section of The WWW Virtual Library: links to a large variety of institutional chemistry sites (universities, industries, organizations) as well as many content topics within chemistry.
• WebElements: a repository of physical and chemical data on the elements.

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